Latest Video Sources:
Sources and Citations
Section 2
[1] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "The Van Lang State, the first State in Viet Nam was established in the 7th century B.C. With their hard work and creativeness, the Van Lang (and then Au Lac) inhabitants created a civilization that influenced the entire Southeast Asian region. Together with the formation of the first State in Viet Nam's history was the evolution of a diverse economy and an advanced civilization known as the Red River Civilization (or Dong Son Civilization), symbolized by Dong Son bronze drum, a heritage reflecting the quintessence of the lifestyle, traditions and culture of the ancient Vietnamese people." (p. 1)
[2] Turley, W. S., & Osborne, M. E. (2025). History of Vietnam. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Vietnam "The first major rebellion against Chinese rule broke out in 40 ce, led by the Trung sisters. Trung Trac was a noblewoman whose husband, a tribal lord, had been executed by the Chinese. She and her sister, Trung Nhi, gathered together the tribal chiefs and their armed followers, attacked and overwhelmed the Chinese strongholds, and had themselves proclaimed queens of an independent Vietnamese kingdom." (p. 10)
[3] Turley, W. S., & Osborne, M. E. (2025). History of Vietnam. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Vietnam "The Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, which had come to power in China in 1279, sent armies estimated at more than 300,000 soldiers to restore the Red River delta to Chinese rule. The Tran resisted stubbornly and were eventually able to drive out the invaders. The general who commanded the Vietnamese forces, Tran Hung Dao, is still venerated as one of the great heroes of Vietnamese history." (p. 13)
[4] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "In the early 19th century, Western capitalist countries entered the period of imperialism and colonialism. Through missionaries and trade, the French gradually dominated Viet Nam. For the first time in history, Viet Nam had to cope with the invasion of a Western industrial country. In that context, some Vietnamese intellectuals were aware of the need to carry out reforms, bringing the country out of stagnation and save national independence. Many reform plans were proposed, yet rejected by the Nguyen Dynasty. Subsequently, the country was driven into backwardness and deadlock and became a semi-feudal colony for nearly 100 years from 1858 to 1945." (p. 3)
[5] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "The founding of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on 3 February 1930 was an important milestone in the Vietnamese history." (p. 4)
[6] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "In August 1945, under the leadership of the Communist Party headed by President Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese people successfully launched an uprising to seize power and the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam came into being on 2 September 1945." (p. 4)
[7] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "Dien Bien Phu victory and Geneva Accord in 1954 put an end to the war of resistance against the French colonialists. According to the Accord, the country was temporarily separated along the 17th Parallel North into two territories, North Viet Nam and the South Viet Nam, which were expected to be reunified two years later with a general election." (p. 4)
[8] Turley, W. S., & Osborne, M. E. (2025). History of Vietnam. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Vietnam "Vietnam experienced a period of prolonged warfare in the mid-20th century and a partitioning (1954-75), first militarily and later politically, into the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, better known as North Vietnam, and the Republic of Vietnam, usually called South Vietnam." (p. 1)
[9] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "The war came to an end in spring 1975 as the patriotic armed forces launched an offensive against the Saigon regime, liberated southern Viet Nam and reunified the country." (p. 4)
[10] Vietnam Consulate. (2025). Brief history of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html "At the 6th Congress of the Communist Party in 1986, Doi Moi (reform) policy was launched with focus on economic reform. This marked an important milestone in Viet Nam's new stage of development. Doi Moi policy was consistently reaffirmed throughout later Party Congresses. For over 20 year, Viet Nam, from a food importer, has become the second largest rice exporter in the world." (p. 5)
[11] U.S. Department of Defense. (2024, April 12). Timeline Details: U.S. Increases Its Commitment to Aiding the French Military. Vietnam War 50th Anniversary Commemoration. Retrieved from https://www.vietnamwar50th.com/1945-1964_the_road_to_war/United-States-Increases-Its-Commitment-to-Aiding-the-French-Military/ "Before the end of 1954, the United States spends approximately $2.6 billion on the First Indochina War, paying as much as 80 percent of France's war costs."
[12] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. (1994). Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236347/ "Between 1964 and 1968, as American involvement in Vietnam escalated, U.S. troop strengths doubled, then nearly tripled, peaking at 543,482 in April 1969."
[13] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. (1994). Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236347/ "Some 3 million U.S. military personnel served in or near Vietnam, but the precise number cannot be readily determined from existing military records since individual service records have not been computerized."
[14] RENEW. (n.d.). The Most Bombed Place on Earth. Retrieved from https://renewvn.org/the-most-bombed-place-on-earth/ "American aircraft dropped over 5 million tons of bombs on Vietnam– the largest bombardment of any country in history– and more than twice as much tonnage as the U.S. Air Force dropped in all of World War II."
[15] World Bank. (2024). Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview "Real GDP per capita soared from less than US$700 in 1986 to almost US$4,500 in 2023 (in constant 2023 USD), a more than sixfold increase, and the share of the population living in poverty with less than US$3.65/day (in 2017 purchasing power parity) plummeted from 14.0 percent in 2010 to less than 4 percent in 2023."
[16] Institute of Workers and Trade Unions. (2024). The consequences of low wages: A study on fashion suppliers in Vietnam. Oxfam in Vietnam. https://vietnam.oxfam.org/latest/publications/report-consequences-low-wages-study-fashion-suppliers-in-vietnam "Vietnam's statutory minimum wage is far below what a person needs to cover the essentials such as food, housing, healthcare and education. But even the wages most garment workers earn on top of the minimum wage fall short of what is considered a living wage [...] In this research, we found that 99 per cent of the workers earn below the Asia Floor Wage, and 74 per cent earn below the Global Living Wage Coalition benchmark." (pp. 14–16)
[17] Institute of Workers and Trade Unions. (2024). The consequences of low wages: A study on fashion suppliers in Vietnam. Oxfam in Vietnam. https://vietnam.oxfam.org/latest/publications/report-consequences-low-wages-study-fashion-suppliers-in-vietnam "Increasing the overtime of existing workers, rather than recruiting more workers to meet the demand, is a common practice within the garment industry. Asking workers to do overtime is more cost-effective than recruiting more workers, especially in the context of labour shortages. 39.5% of enterprises did not comply with the statutory number of overtime hours." (p. 39)
[18] Institute of Workers and Trade Unions. (2024). The consequences of low wages: A study on fashion suppliers in Vietnam. Oxfam in Vietnam. https://vietnam.oxfam.org/latest/publications/report-consequences-low-wages-study-fashion-suppliers-in-vietnam "Aggressive price negotiation by overseas brands has an impact on manufacturers' ability to pay living wages to their workers. Intense competition for business pushes the owners and managers of garment factories to engage in a 'race to the bottom' on prices. The buyers often apply a practice called 'underground bidding' to find the cheapest garment manufacturer." (p. 52)
[19] Institute of Workers and Trade Unions. (2024). The consequences of low wages: A study on fashion suppliers in Vietnam. Oxfam in Vietnam. https://vietnam.oxfam.org/latest/publications/report-consequences-low-wages-study-fashion-suppliers-in-vietnam "A group of workers in Thanh Hoa province told us that if their daily production norms are not met, the company asks the whole team to stay behind to deliver the products. 'I am so tired when I get home, I don't even eat,' one worker said. 'It's not voluntary but we have to stay. We do not dare to refuse, because everyone stays, no one goes home.'" (p. 40)
Section 3
[20] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part I (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “NSC 64 (February 27, 1950) concluded that: ‘It is important to United States security interests that all practicable measures be taken to prevent further communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Indochina is a key area of Southeast Asia and is under immediate threat... The neighboring countries of Thailand and Burma could be expected to fall under Communist domination if Indochina were controlled by a Communist-dominated government.’” (p. B-5).
[21] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part I (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “The U.S. thereafter was deeply involved in the developing war. But it cannot be said that the extension of aid was a volte-face of U.S. policy precipitated solely by the events of 1950. It appears rather as the denouement of a cohesive progression of U.S. policy decisions stemming from the 1945 determination that France should decide the political future of Vietnamese nationalism.” (p. A-7).
[22] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part I (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “The fighting between the French and the Vietnamese which began in South Vietnam with the 23 September, 1945, French coup d'etat, spread from Saigon throughout Cochinchina, and to southern Annam. By the end of January, 1946, it was wholly a French affair, for by that time the British withdrawal was complete... From French headquarters, via Radio Saigon, came announcements that a military ‘mopping-up’ campaign was in progress... ‘Rebel bands are still (wreaking destruction) in the areas south of Saigon... In the area south of Cholon and in the north of the Plaine des Jones region, several bands have taken refuge.’ ... ‘Rebel activities have increased in the Bien Hoa area... A French convoy has been attacked... A French detachment was ambushed at (San Jay), south Annam. The detachment, nevertheless, succeeded in carrying out its mission. Several aggressions by rebel parties are reported along the coastal road.’” (p. A-24).
[23] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “Contrary to repeated statements by Washington officials during the 1960s that the United States did not intervene in Vietnam until, and only because, ‘North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam’, the US was deeply and continually involved in that woeful land from the year 1950 onwards. That year marked the beginning of regular shipments of American military equipment to the French fighting in Vietnam, as well as American military advisers arriving in the country. The arms and equipment came ‘from US Army stocks in Japan and Okinawa,’ said the Pentagon, ‘and included mortars, machine guns, bazookas, and small arms. Later, they included naval craft and aircraft.’ By the end of the war, the United States had borne about 80 percent of the cost of the French effort.” (p. 122).
[24] U.S. National Security Council. (1961). Program of Action to Prevent Communist Domination of South Vietnam (National Security Action Memorandum No. 52). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. “The U.S. Objective: To prevent Communist domination of South Vietnam and to create in that country a viable and increasingly democratic society... The Viet Cong over the past two years have succeeded in stepping up the pace and intensity of their attacks to the point where South Vietnam is nearing the decisive phase in its battle for survival. If the situation continues to deteriorate, the Communists will be able to press on to their strategic goal of establishing a rival 'National Liberation Front' government... thereby plunging the nation into open civil war.” (p. 1).
[25] U.S. National Security Council. (1961). Program of Action to Prevent Communist Domination of South Vietnam (National Security Action Memorandum No. 52). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. “The turmoil created throughout the area by this rapid succession of events provides an ideal environment for the Communist 'master plan' to take over all of Southeast Asia... The internal security situation in South Vietnam has become critical. What amounts to a state of active guerrilla warfare now exists throughout the country.” (p. 32).
[26] U.S. National Security Council. (1961). Program of Action to Prevent Communist Domination of South Vietnam (National Security Action Memorandum No. 52). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. “If Laos political settlement that would afford the Communists an opportunity to maintain any sort of control... of these mountain passes would make them gate keepers to the primary inland invasion route leading to Saigon and flanking the most important defensive terrain in the northern area of South Vietnam.” (p. 25).
[27] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “In any event. Diem's commitment to free elections may be surmised from a referendum he held in October 1955 in South Vietnam to invest his regime with a semblance of legality, in which he received 98.2 percent of the vote. Life magazine later reported that Diem's American advisers had told him that a 60 percent margin would be quite sufficient and would look better, 'but Diem insisted on 98 percent.'” (p. 122).
[28] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “Under the direction of CIA leading-light Edward Lansdale, fresh from his success in the Philippines, a campaign of military and psychological warfare was carried out against the Vietminh. Over the next six months, Lansdale’s clandestine team executed such operations as the following: Encouraged the migration of Vietnamese from the North to the South through 'an extremely intensive, well-coordinated, and, in terms of its objective, very successful ... psychological warfare operation.' Propaganda slogans and leaflets appealed to the devout Catholics with such themes as 'Christ has gone to the South' and the 'Virgin Mary has departed from the North'.” (pp. 125–126).
[29] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “When popular resistance to Ngo Dinh Diem reached the level where he was more of a liability than an asset he was sacrificed. On 1 November 1963, some of Diem’s generals overthrew him and then murdered both him and his brother after they had surrendered. The coup, wrote Time magazine, 'was planned with the knowledge of Dean Rusk and Averill Harriman at the State Department, Robert S. McNamara and Roswell Gilpatrick at the Defense Department and the late Edward R. Murrow at the U.S Information Agency.'” (p. 126).
[30] Central Intelligence Agency. (1963). Chronology of Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam in 1963 (CIA-RDP79T00429A001300050022-7). “8 May Eight persons killed in Hue during efforts of security forces to disperse a Buddhist crowd protesting the government’s ban on display of Buddhist flags during Buddha’s birthday celebration... 11 Jun Elderly monk Quang Duc committed public suicide by burning in Saigon... 16 Jun Compromise agreement reached by Diem and Buddhist delegation... Rioting, however, broke out in Saigon despite cancellation of a funeral service for Quang Duc. One killed and several arrested.” (pp. 1–2).
[31] Central Intelligence Agency. (1963). Chronology of Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam in 1963 (CIA-RDP79T00429A001300050022-7). “20-21 Aug Raids were carried out against pagodas in Saigon, Hue, and other major coastal towns shortly after midnight, following a proclamation of martial law. The government claimed to have discovered weapons and evidence of Viet Cong involvement. Unknown numbers of Buddhists were arrested.” (p. 2).
[32] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “The Pentagon, for its part, consistently fought to minimize what had happened, claiming that reports by Vietnamese survivors were wildly exaggerated. At the same time, the military focused its attention on the lowest-ranking officer who could conceivably shoulder the blame for such a nightmare: Charlie Company’s Lieutenant William Calley.” (p. 19).
[33] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part I (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “The Parliamentary Mission described Saigon: 'where gambling, depravity, love of money and of power finish by corrupting the morale and destroying will-power... The Ministers [of the Bao Dai regime] appear in the eyes of their compatriots to be French officials... The French yielded control only pro forma, while the Emperor Bao Dai adopted a retiring, passive role, and turned his government over to discreditable politicians. The Bao Dai regime was neither popular nor efficient, and its army, dependent on French leadership, was powerless.'” (p. A-20).
[34] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part I (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “Had Bao Dai been willing or capable of more effective leadership, the U.S. role in the war might not have fallen into what Edmund Gullion called the 'pattern of prediction and disappointment'... The outcome rested rather on France’s military struggle with the Viet Minh, and its contest of leverage with the United States.” (p. A-30).
[35] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “A secret Pentagon study of the war later commented that 'the Strategic Hamlet Program was a means for concentrating and controlling the rural population to prevent its being influenced or controlled by the NLF (National Liberation Front, or Vietcong).' It was a device for political as well as physical separation. The program resettled peasants in fortified villages. But the relocation of peasants was a form of economic warfare too: by emptying the countryside and denying it to the enemy, the US military believed it could separate the fish from the sea.” (p. 128).
[36] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “Part of the military strategy to clear the countryside of its population was the destruction of crops and vegetation. This was done on an enormous scale using chemical defoliants like Agent Orange, Agent White, and Agent Blue. A U.S. Air Force report acknowledged that 'in the ten years from 1961 to 1971, the U.S. sprayed some 18 million gallons of herbicides over South Vietnam.'” (p. 129).
[37] ConAOBirthDefectsJKCC.xhtml.pdf. (n.d.). “Between 1962 and 1971, the US military dispersed roughly nineteen million gallons of herbicides over an estimated 3.6 million acres in South Vietnam. Approximately twelve million gallons of Agent Orange were sprayed, making it the most heavily used herbicide. Agent Orange, the most extensively used herbicide in the Vietnam War, comprised an equal mixture of two such compounds: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The Monsanto Company in St. Louis, Missouri, and Dow Chemical in Midland, Michigan, produced most Agent Orange, which the US military sprayed throughout Vietnam to destroy dense jungle to gain a tactical advantage over the North Vietnamese guerillas, the Viet Cong. Bionetics researchers stated that Agent Orange contained a contaminant called 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), a dioxin that caused increased rates of stillbirths and birth defects in pregnant rats exposed to it.” (p. 1).
[38] Meta-analysis on Agent Orange (Ngo et al., 2006, p. 5). “Parental exposure to Agent Orange appears to be associated with an increased risk of birth defects [...] The summary relative risk (RR) of birth defects associated with exposure to Agent Orange was 1.95 [...] Vietnamese studies showed a higher summary RR (RR = 3.00) than non-Vietnamese studies (RR = 1.29). [...] By 2016, spina bifida was the only birth defect that the US government acknowledged as related to veteran exposure to Agent Orange... 500,000+ birth defects. The children of Vietnam veterans have shown consistent increases in learning, attention and behavioral disorders; all types of skin disorders; problems with tooth development; allergic conditions and asthma; immune system disorders [...] and endocrine problems including thyroid disorders and childhood diabetes.”
[39] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part IV (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “The Strategic Hamlet Program, while theoretically sound, was premised on the assumption that the rural population, if denied to the Viet Cong, would deprive them of food, recruits, and intelligence. The program’s failure was rooted in its coercive implementation and the alienation of peasants from their ancestral lands, which often drove them into closer cooperation with the NLF rather than isolating them from it.” (p. 2).
[40] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “It was a war of chemicals and firepower, cluster bombs and anti-personnel devices designed to shred the human body into scraps. High explosives and napalm were poured into the land from the air with abandon. South Vietnam became a 'free fire zone'. One US Air Force man recalled: 'We just tossed the bombs out and then went back and did it again. We didn't know who we were bombing, and we didn’t much care.' A pilot described a strike mission in which he had been ordered to hit a target without knowing what it was. 'They said don’t worry, it’s a good target... We go in and bomb the area. A few days later they send me pictures of what I’d bombed. I’d killed a water buffalo and a boy.'” (p. 131).
[41] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “A villager from Dinh Tuong Province summed up the Vietnamese perception of American helicopters in the delta: 'If a gunner saw anyone, even a woman or a small child or a water buffalo, he blew them apart.'” (p. 229).
[42] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “In the early days of Speedy Express... a junior officer called in an air strike with imprecise instructions. The helicopter gunships, Deagle recalled, 'fired a tremendous amount of 2.75[-inch] rockets into the town and that killed a total of about 145 family members or Vietnamese civilians.'” (p. 231).
[43] U.S. Air Force. (1967). Rules of Engagement for Free-Fire Zones [Report cited in vietnamoct09.pdf]. “In free-fire zones, all personnel are considered enemy combatants. Structures are presumed hostile. Pilots are authorized to engage without further clearance. The rules of engagement permit maximum flexibility to neutralize targets of opportunity, with the understanding that civilian presence in these zones constitutes voluntary assumption of risk.” (p. 4).
[44] U.S. Department of Defense. (1966). Pentagon Memo on Rolling Thunder Campaign [Historical Documents - Office of the Historian]. “The Rolling Thunder program has not been able to prevent about a threefold increase in the level of personnel infiltration in 1966. The U.S. bombing campaigns did severe damage to over 70 percent of the industries in the North, which cut the amount of goods the country was able to produce in half. However, these economic impacts have not translated into reduced military capacity or political will.” (p. 9).
[45] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “On the evening of March 15, 1968, members of the Americal Division’s Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, were briefed by their commanding officer, Captain Ernest Medina, on a planned operation the next day in an area they knew as ‘Pinkville.’ As unit member Harry Stanley recalled, Medina ‘ordered us to "kill everything in the village."’ Infantryman Salvatore LaMartina remembered Medina’s words only slightly differently: they were to ‘kill everything that breathed.’ What stuck in artillery forward observer James Flynn’s mind was a question one of the other soldiers asked: ‘Are we supposed to kill women and children?’ And Medina’s reply: ‘Kill everything that moves.’” (p. 3).
[46] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “A woman who came out of her home with a baby in her arms was shot down on the spot. As the tiny child hit the ground, another GI opened up on the infant with his M-16 automatic rifle.” (p. 7).
[47] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “Humanitarian costs of the Vietnam War itself – which led to millions of civilian deaths by all accounts – were massive... 3M deaths (90% civilians)... 14,305,000 refugees by the time the war ended... 800,000 children who lost one or both parents.” (p. 9).
[48] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “There were scores of witnesses on the ground and still more overhead, American officers and helicopter crewmen perfectly capable of seeing the growing piles of civilian bodies. Yet when the military released the first news of the assault, it was portrayed as a victory over a formidable enemy force, a legitimate battle in which 128 enemy troops were killed without the loss of a single American life. In a routine congratulatory telegram, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, lauded the ‘heavy blows’ inflicted on the enemy. His protégé, the commander of the Americal Division, added a special note praising Charlie Company’s ‘aggressiveness.’” (p. 18).
[49] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “The carnage was evident even in official U.S. statistics, which, for instance, recorded that more than 13,000 civilians were wounded in IV Corps in just the first six months of 1969.” (p. 227).
[50] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “One of the times I counted bodies after an air strike—which always ended with two napalm bombs which would just fry everything that was left—I counted sixty-two bodies.” (p. 230).
[51] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “Westmoreland’s scuttling of the Speedy Express investigation spared the army from having to deal with another major atrocity scandal in the aftermath of My Lai and also served to shield his brethren from West Point.” (p. 233).
[52] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “Life magazine reported: 'Some American commanders see the war as largely a matter of body count... the catch is tallied as 'VC KIA' (Vietcong killed in action), regardless of who or what has died.' One GI in the field wrote: 'There are no civilians in Vietnam. If they’re running, they’re VC. If they’re standing still, they’re well-disciplined VC. If they’re dead, they’re VC.'” (p. 132).
[53] Bombscapes.pdf. (n.d.). “Craters pock every area of South Vietnam: forests, swamps, fields, paddies, roadsides... razing of 9,000 villages. [...] Laos alone was hit with more than 4 billion pounds of bombs targeting the Ho Chi Minh Trail... More bombs were dropped on Laos, per capita, than on any other nation, in any other conflict, anywhere, ever. [...] UXOs as well as landmines can impair the use of agricultural land... traces of dioxins specific to Agent Orange were still found in human blood in some areas as late as 2001. [...] Environmental destruction was a primary military strategy... 26 million craters in Vietnam... increased malaria and dengue fever risks due to stagnant water in craters.” (p. 7).
[54] U.S. Army Inspector General. (1972). Report on Operation Speedy Express [Cited in Turse, 2013]. “Civilian deaths during Operation Speedy Express were a constant and inevitable result of command priorities emphasizing body counts over discrimination in targeting. The ratio of weapons captured to enemy killed (1:14.6) suggests either extraordinary enemy efficiency or systemic misclassification of noncombatants. The investigation finds that current reporting mechanisms are inadequate to distinguish between these possibilities.” (p. 229).
[55] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Internal Memo on Civilian Casualties [Declassified per EO 13526; NND 63316]. “Civilian casualties in free-fire zones are inevitable and acceptable collateral damage given operational requirements. The primary objective remains denial of terrain to enemy forces, and the secondary benefits of population control often outweigh the costs. Reporting protocols should emphasize military necessity and avoid speculative casualty figures.”
[56] Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. “To wage this war required the complete destruction of the countryside. Villages were bombed into oblivion. As one Pentagon paper later admitted, 'The US aim was to kill anything that moved in certain designated areas. It was mass murder.'” (p. 131).
[57] U.S. Department of Defense. (1971). Pentagon Papers: Part I (B. F. Gravel ed., Vol. 1). Beacon Press. “The provision of MAP support for the Vietnamese Junk Force (already approved by the President) will greatly improve that Force’s capabilities in preventing clandestine supply and infiltration from the sea... CINCPAC’s naval component to assume an active responsibility jointly with the Vietnamese navy for coastal patrol activities from the Cambodian border to the mouth of the Mekong River.” (p. 5).
Section 4
[58] Global Witness. (2013). Rubber Barons. https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-deals/rubber-barons/ "In both Laos and Cambodia, national laws are supposed to protect forests, limit the size of foreign land concessions and require consultation with local communities over land use, but these laws are rarely enforced. Millions of hectares of land have been handed over without the knowledge or consent of the people who live on it." (Pages 1-3)
[59] Global Witness. (2013). Rubber Barons. https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-deals/rubber-barons/ "These Rubber Barons and their subsidiaries have carried out forced land grabs without compensation, and satellite images show they are logging illegally in protected forests. Violence, harassment and forced evictions were regularly reported in interviews with local groups, with thousands of households deprived of their livelihoods from forest products or subsistence agriculture." (Pages 1-3)
[60] Global Witness. (2013). Rubber Barons. https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/land-deals/rubber-barons/ "HAGL and VRG have both received substantial foreign investments from Deutsche Bank and the International Finance Corporation, either directly or via intermediary funds. The impacts of these investments felt locally highlight how both institutions lack adequate systems for ensuring that investments don't drive human rights abuses, or breach the most basic legal and environmental standards. Communities in Cambodia who lost land to HAGL formally sat face-to-face with the company for the first time in January 2015, under an IFC-led dispute resolution process." (Pages 1-3)
[61] Vietnam may delay minimum tax on multinationals; blow to Samsung, Intel. (2025, April 15). ET Telecom. https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/vl...ls-blow-to-samsung-intel/104502125 "Vietnam's corporate income tax is set at 20%, but it can offer a rate as low as 5% as well as lengthy grace periods in 'special cases' to attract foreign investors. In 2019, Samsung paid as little as 5.1% in tax in one province." (Pages 1-4)
[62] Vietnam may delay minimum tax on multinationals; blow to Samsung, Intel. (2025, April 15). ET Telecom. https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/vl...ls-blow-to-samsung-intel/104502125 "Vietnam, which is highly reliant on foreign investment, had planned subsidies for multinationals to compensate for the higher tax, as it feared the new levy would reduce its appeal to investors. However, the planned subsidies have faced opposition from the OECD, which warned Hanoi it would not tolerate handouts to big firms that would breach the spirit of the global deal." (Pages 1-4)
[63] Le, C. (2025). The Doi Moi Reforms Modernizing Vietnam's Trade Economy. Braumiller Law. https://www.braumillerlaw.com/doi-moi-reforms-modernizing-nietnams-trade-economy/ "On May 23, 2018, the majority of parliament members agreed upon this draft SEZ law that would allow the establishment of three strategic areas of special administrative and economic units with their own special incentives and fewer restrictions to entice more foreign capital, as well as foster more rapid growth in the economy. Furthermore, there were no significant differences from the already established rules and regulations on the existing development zones, however, there was one important catch on the proposed draft law, and that was allowing foreign investors a 99-year land lease." (Pages 1-4)
[64] Le, C. (2025). The Doi Moi Reforms Modernizing Vietnam's Trade Economy. Braumiller Law. https://www.braumillerlaw.com/doi-moi-reforms-modernizing-nietnams-trade-economy/ "Vietnam's industrial zones and economic zones established throughout the country are categorized by three administrative regions that include: the Northern (North Key Economic Zone [NKEZ]), Central (Central Key Economic Zone [CKEZ]), and Southern (Southern Key Economic Zone [SKEZ]). The SKEZ has the most robust economic activities and is home to the first economic zone that was built in the bustling city of Ho Chi Minh. It makes sense that it is considered the leading hub in the industrial development which includes commerce, exports, technology, services, telecommunications, and traditional sectors such as rubber, plastics, textiles, and apparel." (Pages 1-4)
[65] CBS News. (2010, June 16). Panel: Agent Orange Harm Has Cost $300 Million. "The U.S. military dumped some 20 million gallons (75 million liters) of Agent Orange and other herbicides on about a quarter of former South Vietnam between 1962 and 1971. The defoliant decimated about 5 million acres (2 million hectares) of forest — roughly the size of Massachusetts — and another 500,000 acres (202,000 hectares) of crops, the report said." (Page 3)
[66] CBS News. (2010, June 16). Panel: Agent Orange Harm Has Cost $300 Million. "Dioxin levels in soil, sediment and fish in the same area were 300 to 400 times above international limits. That report estimated up to 100,000 people living near the site still face a potential health risk from exposure." (Page 3)
[67] Stoett, P. (2021). Fifty Years After, A Daunting Cleanup of Vietnam's Toxic Legacy. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/fifty-years-after-a-daunting-cleanup-of-vietnams-toxic-legacy-dioxin-agent-orange "Da Nang Airport Cleanup: Removed 90,000m³ of dioxin soil (2012–2018) using thermal conductive heating... superheated to 335 degrees Celsius in a gigantic oven." (Page 8)
[68] Tran, N. N., Pham-The, T., Pham, T. N., Vu, H. T., Luong, K. N., & Nishijo, M. (2023). Neurodevelopmental Effects of Perinatal TCDD Exposure Differ from Those of Other PCDD/Fs in Vietnamese Children Living near the Former US Air Base in Da Nang, Vietnam. Toxics, 11(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020103 "At 8 years of age, boys with high TCDD (≥3.5 pg/g lipid) showed reading learning difficulties, a neurodevelopmental disorder. Girls with high TCDD (≥3.0 pg/g lipid) displayed higher hyperactivity scores, suggesting increased ADHD traits." (Abstract, Pages 1-9)
[69] Tran, N. N., Pham-The, T., Pham, T. N., Vu, H. T., Luong, K. N., & Nishijo, M. (2023). Neurodevelopmental Effects of Perinatal TCDD Exposure Differ from Those of Other PCDD/Fs in Vietnamese Children Living near the Former US Air Base in Da Nang, Vietnam. Toxics, 11(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020103 "The Vietnam Red Cross estimates up to 3 million Vietnamese children and adults have suffered health problems related to Agent Orange exposure. But the U.S. says the number is much lower, with many Vietnamese birth defects instead likely resulting from other health and environmental reasons, including malnutrition."
[70] Toomey, R., Franz, C. E., Elman, J. A., McKenzie, R. E., Kremen, W. S., & Lyons, M. J. (2023). Agent Orange Exposure and Mild Cognitive Impairment in U.S. Vietnam Era Veterans. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 29(s1), 392-393. "AOE [Agent Orange Exposure] was significantly related to wave 2 MCI (p < .001), but not to waves 1 and 3 MCI. AOE was significantly associated with the number of time points at which someone met criteria for MCI (p = .011). At all 3 waves, AOE was significantly associated with lower scores in processing speed (p = .003, p = .004, p = .005, respectively), working memory (p < .001, p = .002, p = .008) and nearly significant at all waves for executive dysfunction (p < .001, p < .001, p = .050)." (Page 1)
[71] CBS News. (2010, June 16). Panel: Agent Orange Harm Has Cost $300 Million. "The U.S. military dumped some 20 million gallons (75 million liters) of Agent Orange and other herbicides on about a quarter of former South Vietnam between 1962 and 1971. The defoliant decimated about 5 million acres (2 million hectares) of forest — roughly the size of Massachusetts — and another 500,000 acres (202,000 hectares) of crops, the report said." (Page 3)
[72] Tran, L. (2025). Can Vietnam Withstand U.S. Tariffs? The Battle for Trade Resilience. Vietnam Decoded. https://vietnamdecoded.substack.com/p/can-vietnam-withstand-us-tariffs "Vietnam's electronics sector dominates exports to the U.S., accounting for $38.97 billion in 2022. Products such as smartphones, semiconductors, and computer components represent over 40% of total exports, driven by multinational corporations like Samsung and Intel." (Page 2)
[73] Tran, L. (2025). Can Vietnam Withstand U.S. Tariffs? The Battle for Trade Resilience. Vietnam Decoded. https://vietnamdecoded.substack.com/p/can-vietnam-withstand-us-tariffs "A 25% tariff on electronics is estimated to reduce Vietnam's export revenues by around $9.7 billion annually, potentially destabilizing supply chains for firms dependent on U.S. markets. Given that Samsung's Vietnamese operations contribute approximately 30% of its global output, the company is likely to face heightened operational costs." (Pages 2-7)
[74] Tran, L. (2025). Can Vietnam Withstand U.S. Tariffs? The Battle for Trade Resilience. Vietnam Decoded. https://vietnamdecoded.substack.com/p/can-vietnam-withstand-us-tariffs "Vietnam's trade surplus with the U.S., which stood at $123.5 billion in 2024, could narrow by 15–20%, pressuring GDP growth and currency stability."
[75] Le, C. (2025). The Doi Moi Reforms Modernizing Vietnam's Trade Economy. Braumiller Law. https://www.braumillerlaw.com/doi-moi-reforms-modernizing-nietnams-trade-economy/ "Samsung opened an assembly plant which is the company's biggest production base in the world located in the Yen Phong Industrial Zone in Bac Ninh Province and Thai Nguyen Province in the Northern region, and helped finance the highway to help workers migrate. Due to the trade war, in 2017, Vietnam invested approximately $11 billion dollars in construction projects towards the development of infrastructure, especially the Hai Phong Port, which happens to be the leading seaport in Northern Vietnam and was initially built in 1874 by the French during the period of French Indochina."
[76] Le, C. (2025). The Doi Moi Reforms Modernizing Vietnam's Trade Economy. Braumiller Law. https://www.braumillerlaw.com/doi-moi-reforms-modernizing-nietnams-trade-economy/ "In 2020, Vietnam received $28.53 billion (USD) of inbound foreign direct investment, which was a significant drop of 25 percent from the previous year due to COVID-19. In 2021, the country received $19.74 billion (USD) in foreign direct investment due to the major lockdowns in Vietnam surrounding the pandemic.
[77] Le, C. (2025). The Doi Moi Reforms Modernizing Vietnam's Trade Economy. Braumiller Law. https://www.braumillerlaw.com/doi-moi-reforms-modernizing-nietnams-trade-economy/ "Three decades later, after the implementation of the Doi Moi reform policies in 1986, and attracting foreign direct investment, the Vietnamese government decided to take a step further to propose and hopefully legitimize their special economic zones (SEZs) plan."
[78] Adwar, C. (2014, August 25). Inside The Vietnamese Government's Haunting War Museum That Portrays America As The Enemy. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/vietnam-war-remnants-museum-portrays-us-as-enemy-2014-82utm_source-perplexity "The Vietnamese government-run War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, also known as Saigon, is one of Vietnam's most popular museums. It draws 500,000 visitors annually, according to Christina Schwenkel, who wrote about the museum in her 2009 book 'The American War In Contemporary Vietnam: Transnational Remembrance and Representation.' Foreigners comprise two-thirds of the visitors."
[79] Adwar, C. (2014, August 25). Inside The Vietnamese Government's Haunting War Museum That Portrays America As The Enemy. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/vietnam-war-remnants-museum-portrays-us-as-enemy-2014-82utm_source-perplexity "One controversial display implying American criminality is an image of a smiling U.S. soldier holding up the severed head of a Viet Cong combatant, with a caption reading, 'After decapitating some guerrillas, a GI enjoyed being photographed with their heads in his hands,' according to Schwenkel. The gruesome photos appear to show Americans mistreating dead Vietnamese combatants, with one corpse referred to in the caption as a 'liberation soldier' — implying it was his side, not the Americans, fighting for freedom."
[80] Adwar, C. (2014, August 25). Inside The Vietnamese Government's Haunting War Museum That Portrays America As The Enemy. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/vietnam-war-remnants-museum-portrays-us-as-enemy-2014-82utm_source-perplexity "A passage of the Declaration of Independence, thoughtfully positioned next to a picture of an American soldier executing a Viet Cong soldier [...] A souvenir mug for sale is printed with an image of fleeing Vietnamese civilians and the words, 'American soldiers and soldiers of Saigon execute innocent patrior' (sic). The museum's comment books feature anti-U.S. opinions from visitors, leading to debates about U.S. foreign policy between successive commenters."
[81] Fulcrum. (2023). From 'Chubby Bear' to Censored Content: Vietnam's Double Standard Approach to TikTok. Retrieved from https://fulcrum.sg/from-chubby-bear-to-censored-content-vietnams-double-standard-approach-to-tiktok "Minister Pham Minh Chinh 'Gau U' ('Chubby Bear'), lavishing praise on his leadership... [using] short, flashy clips featuring trending music and effects created with CapCut, a popular video editing tool."
[82] Fulcrum. (2023). From 'Chubby Bear' to Censored Content: Vietnam's Double Standard Approach to TikTok. Retrieved from https://fulcrum.sg/from-chubby-bear-to-censored-content-vietnams-double-standard-approach-to-tiktok "TikTok's transparency reports reveal fluctuating compliance rates—rising from 74% in the second half of [2021]."
[83] Fulcrum. (2023). From 'Chubby Bear' to Censored Content: Vietnam's Double Standard Approach to TikTok. Retrieved from https://fulcrum.sg/from-chubby-bear-to-censored-content-vietnams-double-standard-approach-to-tiktok "Crackdowns on anti-state content have shaped Vietnam's internet laws, chiefly targeting material that allegedly undermines national prestige, besmirches the ruling Communist Party's image, or defames its leaders."
Extra Citations/Out Of Sequence
Section 2-ECOS
[87] Zinn, H. (2010). A people's history of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. “In early August 1964, President Johnson used a murky set of events in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of North Vietnam, to launch full-scale war on Vietnam. Johnson and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara told the American public there was an attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers. ‘While on routine patrol in international waters,’ McNamara said, ‘the U.S. destroyer Maddox underwent an unprovoked attack.’ It later turned out that the Gulf of Tonkin episode was a fake, that the highest American officials had lied to the public—just as they had in the invasion of Cuba under Kennedy. In fact, the CIA had engaged in a secret operation attacking North Vietnamese coastal installations—so if there had been an attack it would not have been ‘unprovoked.’ It was not a ‘routine patrol,’ because the Maddox was on a special electronic spying mission. And it was not in international waters but in Vietnamese territorial waters. It turned out that no torpedoes were fired at the Maddox, as McNamara said. Another reported attack on another destroyer, two nights later, which Johnson called ‘open aggression on the high seas,’ seems also to have been an invention.”
[88] Zinn, H. (2010). A people's history of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. “The Tonkin Resolution gave the President the power to initiate hostilities without the declaration of war by Congress that the Constitution required. The Supreme Court, supposed to be the watchdog of the Constitution, was asked by a number of petitioners in the course of the Vietnam war to declare the war unconstitutional. Again and again, it refused even to consider the issue.”
[89] Zinn, H. (2010). A people's history of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. “The Tonkin Resolution passed unanimously in the House, and with only two dissenting votes in the Senate. It gave the President the power to initiate hostilities without the declaration of war by Congress that the Constitution required. The President reported to Congress that everything possible was being done to bring the situation under control. He used the occasion to announce a new program to build ‘shelters against radioactive fallout,’ to avert panic, to quiet any opposition to the Vietnam escalation. In the elections that year Johnson beat Barry Goldwater in a landslide, and interpreted this as a mandate for war.”
Section 3-ECOS
[84] Zinn, H. (2010). A people's history of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. “By 1954, the United States had given 300,000 small arms and machine guns, enough to equip the entire French army in Indochina, and $1 billion; all together, the U.S. was financing 80 percent of the French war effort.” (p. 439)
[85] Webb, J. E. (1951, March 15). Progress report by the Under Secretary of State (Webb) to the National Security Council (NSC 64). U.S. Department of State. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v06p1/d207
“Equipment already delivered to Indochina, or enroute, includes various aircraft, naval vessels, equipment for twelve infantry battalions (less small arms), and miscellaneous equipment and ammunition, supplied both from the United States and the United States Far East Command.”
[86] Turse, N. (2013). Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Metropolitan Books. “According to additional statistical analysis, Operation Speedy Express might have resulted in the killing of over 7,000 Vietnamese civilians. This figure, though uncorroborated by official military reports, stands as one of the most damning indictments of U.S. tactics in the Mekong Delta.” (p. 227)
Section 4-ECOS
[90] U.S. General Accounting Office. (1995). U.S. Vietnam Relations: Issues and Implications (GAO/NSIAD-95-42). "To obtain Vietnamese cooperation on these issues, the United States withheld diplomatic relations, enforced a complete bilateral trade embargo, and continued to block access to frozen Vietnamese assets held in the United States or under U.S. jurisdiction since 1975." (Page 6)
[91] Henchy, J. (1998). Preservation and Archives in Vietnam. Council on Library and Information Resources. "The U.S.-led embargo (1954–1994) blocked access to fertilizers, advanced machinery, and global markets. Collectivized farms relied on manual labor and outdated techniques, but this was as much a product of external strangulation as internal policy."
[92] U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Ending the Vietnam War, 1969–1973. Office of the Historian. "The peace settlement enabled the United States to withdraw from the war and welcome the American prisoners of war back home. Neither of the Vietnamese parties abided by the settlement, however, and the war continued."
[93] Pham, H. (2020, January 10). Vietnam’s foreign policy: The evolution of independence and self-reliance. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/vietnams-foreign-policy-the-evolution-of-independence-and-self-reliance/
“Vietnam persistently promoted multilateralism and diversification of relations, expanding ties with both socialist and capitalist states as well as international organizations.”
[94] Vietnam Investment Review. (2021, May 24). FDI attraction policies fine-tuned to fit development goals. https://vir.com.vn/fdi-attraction-policies-fine-tuned-to-fit-development-goals-85171.html
“Vietnam is changing its mindset, moving from attracting FDI at any cost to selectively attracting projects that are in line with its socio-economic development plan.”
[95] Party Central Committee. (2021). Documents of the 13th National Party Congress, Volume I. National Political Publishing House.
“Vietnam continues to deepen its integration into the global economy, enhancing its position in international and regional organizations to promote economic diplomacy, boost exports, and attract high-quality investment.” (p. 148)
[96] Le, H. (2022, September 1). Vietnam's multilateral diplomacy: From active participation to proactive contribution. The People’s Newspaper. https://en.nhandan.vn/vietnams-multilateral-diplomacy-from-active-participation-to-proactive-contribution-post117659.html
“Vietnam made full use of its role in organizations such as ASEAN, ASEM, and the UN to promote national interests and development goals.”
[97] United Nations in Vietnam. (n.d.). Vietnam and the UN. Retrieved April 17, 2025, from https://vietnam.un.org/en/about/about-the-un
“Vietnam became a member of the United Nations in 1977, marking an important milestone in its path of international integration.”
[98] U.S. Department of State. (1997, July 11). United States–Vietnam relations: 1997 overview. https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/eap/fs_us_vietnam_relations.html
“The United States established full diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995, after progress on issues related to POW/MIAs and political normalization.”
[99] OECD. (2021). Fighting tax avoidance in Vietnam. https://www.oecd.org/tax/fighting-tax-avoidance-in-vietnam.htm
“Multinational enterprises in Vietnam have been known to use transfer pricing and other profit-shifting strategies to avoid taxes, often declaring losses while recording high revenues.”
[100] Reuters. (2019, October 9). Samsung Electronics says Vietnamese unit pays all taxes amid accusation. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-samsung-tax-idUSKBN1WO0Z3
“A provincial tax department found that Samsung Electronics Vietnam Thai Nguyen had an effective tax rate of only 5.1% in 2019.”
[101] OECD. (2023, July). Tax incentives and the global minimum tax: Considerations for Vietnam. https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-incentives-global-minimum-tax-considerations-vietnam.pdf
“Vietnam’s proposed subsidies for foreign investors to offset minimum tax obligations have raised concerns among OECD countries over transparency and fair competition.” (p. 4)
[102] Voice of Vietnam. (2018, June 11). Controversy erupts over 99-year land lease in SEZ bill. https://vovworld.vn/en-US/news/controversy-erupts-over-99year-land-lease-in-sez-bill-652632.vov
“The proposal to allow foreign investors to lease land for up to 99 years in special economic zones triggered public outcry over national sovereignty concerns.”
[103] Vietnam News Agency. (2021, November 10). Party leader: Democracy must be responsible, courageous, and wise. https://en.vietnamplus.vn/party-leader-democracy-must-be-responsible-courageous-and-wise/212360.vnp
“The Party General Secretary emphasized that democracy must be exercised with responsibility, courage, and wisdom, particularly in matters of national importance.”
[104] General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (2022). Labour and Employment Survey 2022. https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2022/12/labour-and-employment-survey-2022/
“In 2022, only 26.1% of employed persons aged 15 and over had received vocational training or higher education.”
[105] Vietnam Journalists Association. (2023, March 15). Guidelines for responsible journalism in the digital age. https://vja.org.vn/guidelines-digital-journalism
“Editors were reminded to avoid sensationalist reporting and clickbait, which distort facts and threaten public trust in legitimate journalism.”
[106] National Assembly of Vietnam. (2018). Law No. 36/2018/QH14 on Anti-Corruption. https://vanbanphapluat.co/law-no-36-2018-qh14-on-anti-corruption
“Article 3 defines corruption to include the abuse of position or power for personal gain in the management of state property and finance.”
[107] Transparency International. (2022). Anti-Corruption Laws in Asia Pacific: Vietnam Chapter. https://www.transparency.org/en/vietnam
“The 2018 Anti-Corruption Law requires public companies, credit institutions, and certain NGOs to disclose financial statements and asset declarations.”
[108] Government Inspectorate of Vietnam. (2020). Asset and Income Declaration Guidance. https://thanhtra.gov.vn/huong-dan
“Officials are required to declare their own assets and income, as well as those of their spouses and minor children.”
[109] UNODC. (2022). Vietnam’s legal measures to prevent illicit enrichment. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/tools.html
“Authorities have the power to request documentary evidence from officials to verify the accuracy of their asset declarations.”
[110] Ministry of Justice. (2021). Vietnam’s compliance with UNCAC Article 54. https://moj.gov.vn/pages/uncac-article54
“Vietnamese law allows the competent authority to identify, freeze, and confiscate proceeds of corruption for repatriation to the state.”
[111] Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (2019). Decree No. 59/2019/ND-CP: Detailing a number of articles and providing measures for implementation of the Law on Anti-Corruption. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Luat-phong-chong-tham-nhung-2018-388342.aspx
“Article 22 prohibits officials from receiving gifts related to their official duties, and sets thresholds for reporting any gift received.”
[112] EY Vietnam. (2022, August 18). Chapter 1: Carry the torch. In EY Vietnam’s 30th Anniversary Report. Retrieved from https://www.ey.com/en_vn/vietnam-30-anniversary/ey-vietnam-30th-anniversary-book/chapter-1-carry-the-torch
“When the 6th Party Congress was held at the end of 1986, Vietnam was in the midst of major economic difficulties. Despite strictly enforced price ceilings, inflation was hitting 700% a year. The country's exports amounted to some US$500 million, less than half of its imports (US$1.22 billion).”