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CITATIONS LIST

SECTION 2 CITATIONS

• [1] Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. "Between 1972 and 2006, the U.S. vetoed forty-two UN Security Council resolutions critical of Israel—more than the combined total of all vetoes cast by all other Security Council members in the same period." p. 40-41 

• [2] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "But ongoing U.S. military aid to Israel has come under greater scrutiny amid Israel’s monthslong war with Hamas in the Gaza Strip."  

• [3] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "Israel has been the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign aid since its founding, receiving about $310 billion (adjusted for inflation) in total economic and military assistance." 

• [4] U.S. Department of State. (2023). U.S. security cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel/ "This assistance has helped transform the Israel Defense Forces into one of the world’s most capable, effective militaries." 

• [5] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "The United States has provisionally agreed via a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to provide Israel with $3.8 billion per year through 2028." 

• [6] U.S. Department of State. (2023). U.S. security cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel/ "The United States annually provides $500 million for cooperative programs for missile defense." 

• [7] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "Israel is the leading global recipient of Title 22 U.S. security assistance under the Foreign Military Financing (FMF) program." 

• [8] U.S. Department of State. (2023). U.S. security cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel/ "Through FMF, the United States provides Israel with access to some of the most advanced military equipment in the world, including the F-35 Lightning."  

• [9] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "The concept of Qualitative Military Edge (QME) has been a conceptual backbone of U.S. military aid to Israel for decades." 

• [10] Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. "Israel's continued imposition of a legal, administrative, and military regime in the Occupied Territories that denies Palestinians basic human rights." p. 91 

• [11] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "Israel’s continued settlement expansions in the West Bank and East Jerusalem are widely recognized as illegal under international law."  

• [12] Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. "The influence of the pro-Israel lobby in the U.S., particularly groups like AIPAC, ensures that any attempt to condition aid on changes in Israeli behavior is met with fierce opposition." p. 194 

• [13] Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. "U.S. policymakers consistently debate how to influence Israel without using the power they have at their disposal, including placing conditions on aid—an approach that’s standard in diplomacy but deemed 'unthinkable' when it comes to Israel." p. 194 

• [14] Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. "Criticism of Israeli policies has often been equated with anti-Semitism, a tactic that has been employed since the 1970s to marginalize voices critical of Israel’s policies." p. 194 

• [15] U.S. Department of State. (2023). U.S. security cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel/ "This policy isn’t just about defense; it’s about enabling Israel to project power across the region." 

• [16] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "The U.S. provides Israel with the diplomatic and military support it needs to maintain and expand these settlements, all while publicly claiming to support a two-state solution." 

• [17] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "The humanitarian impact of these policies is devastating, with more than thirty-four thousand Palestinians, including a large share of civilians, dying in conflict."  

• [18] Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. "Despite its robust economy and advanced military capabilities, U.S. aid to Israel remains substantial and unconditioned." p. 86 

• [19] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "The ongoing support for Israel, despite its documented human rights abuses and violations of international law, is a testament to this reality." 

• [20] Ayyash, M. (2023). Liberal Zionism: A Pillar of Israel’s Settler Colonial Project. Al-Shabaka. https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/liberal-zionism-a-pillar-of-israels-settler-colonial-project/ "Liberal Zionism is an ideology that provides cover for and advances the settler-colonial conquest of Palestine in the name of rationality, progress, equality, tolerance, democracy, and even anti-racism."  

• [21] Ayyash, M. (2023). Liberal Zionism: A Pillar of Israel’s Settler Colonial Project. Al-Shabaka. https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/liberal-zionism-a-pillar-of-israels-settler-colonial-project/ "Liberal Zionism avoids language that reveals this settler-colonial reality. Instead, it frames the occupation in terms that are more palatable to Western audiences, such as security and democracy."  

• [22] Thrall, N. (2017). Israel-Palestine: the real reason there’s still no peace. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/16/the-real-reason-the-israel-palestine-peace-process-always-fails "U.S. policymakers debate how to influence Israel without using almost any of the power at their disposal, including placing aid under conditions of changes in Israeli behavior, a standard tool of diplomacy that officials deem unthinkable in this case."  

• [23] Thrall, N. (2017). Israel-Palestine: the real reason there’s still no peace. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/16/the-real-reason-the-israel-palestine-peace-process-always-fails "The U.S. provides Israel with the diplomatic and military support it needs to maintain and expand these settlements, all while publicly claiming to support a two-state solution." 

• [24] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "The ongoing support for Israel, despite its documented human rights abuses and violations of international law, is a testament to this reality." 

• [25] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "Israel’s settlement expansions continue despite being widely recognized as illegal under international law." 

• [26] Thrall, N. (2017). Israel-Palestine: the real reason there’s still no peace. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/16/the-real-reason-the-israel-palestine-peace-process-always-fails "As long as these governments continue to prioritize their short-term political interests over long-term justice, the situation in Palestine will remain unchanged." 

• [27] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "Despite Israel's advanced military capabilities and robust economy, U.S. aid remains substantial and unconditioned."  

• [28] Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2024). U.S. Aid to Israel in Four Charts. https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts "Israel continues to receive more U.S. military aid per year than goes to all the world’s other nations combined, while presiding over a growing economy and rising standards of living."

• [29]Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential. Khatib, Rasha et al.
  The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10449, 237 - 238. “​​in recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death9 to the 37 396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186 000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2 375 259, this would translate to 7·9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.”

SECTION 3 CITATIONS

• [1] Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge University Press. "Eurocentric institutionalism, which began to appear in infant form after the ‘discovery’ of America by the Spanish, took off during the eighteenth-century European Enlightenment and was consolidated during the nineteenth century." (p. 3) 

• [2] Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge University Press. "Paternalist Eurocentrism, which awards Western societies a pioneering agency such that they can auto-generate or auto-develop into modernity while conversely, Eastern societies are granted conditional agency and are unable to auto-generate or self-develop." (p. 6) 

• [3] Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge University Press. "In this paternalist imaginary it is incumbent upon the West to engage in an imperial civilizing mission in order to deliver the necessary rational institutions to the Eastern societies so as to bring to the surface their latent reason, thereby kick-starting their progressive development into modernity." (p. 6) 

• [4] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "Spicer's observation is true, but the culture of conquest didn't start with Europeans crossing the Atlantic. European institutions and the worldview of conquest and colonialism had formed several centuries before that." (p. 32) 

• [5] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "The rise of the modern state in western Europe was based on the accumulation of wealth by means of exploiting human labor and displacing millions of subsistence producers from their lands." (p. 33-34) 

• [6] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "The institutions of colonialism and methods for relocation, deportation, and expropriation of land had already been practiced, if not perfected, by the end of the fifteenth century." (p. 33-34)  

• [8] Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. "Race was quickly constructed to refer to supposed differential biological structures between groups, serving as a tool for domination." (p. 534) 

• [9] Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. "As time went by, the colonizers codified the phenotypic trait of the colonized as color, and they assumed it as the emblematic characteristic of racial category." (p. 534-535) 

• [10] Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. "The racial classification of the population and the early association of the new racial identities of the colonized with the forms of control of unpaid, unwaged labor developed among the Europeans the singular perception that paid labor was the whites’ privilege." (p. 539) 

• [11] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "Locke was ‘the last major philosopher to seek a justification for absolute and perpetual slavery’. However, this did not prevent him from inveighing against the political ‘slavery’ that absolute monarchy sought to impose." (p. 3) 

• [12] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "In Locke’s view, ‘captives taken in a just war’ (on the part of the victors) had ‘forfeited their lives and, with it, their liberties’. They were slaves ‘subjected to the absolute dominion and arbitrary power of their masters’." (p. 24) 

• [13] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "The Second Treatise makes repeated reference to the ‘wild Indian’, who moved around ‘insolent and injurious in the woods of America’ or the ‘vacant places of America’." (p. 24) 

• [14] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "The fate reserved for Indians was not manifestly better. In addition to having an interest in the slave trade as a shareholder in the Royal African Company, the liberal English philosopher was concerned with the white colonists’ expansionist march." (p. 24) 

• [15] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "In Grotius, along with the implicit legitimation of the genocidal practices underway in America, an explicit and insistent justification of slavery emerges." (p. 22-23) 

• [16] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "Grotius justified slavery as punishment for crimes and extended this to entire peoples, making slavery hereditary." (p. 22-23) 

• [17] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "Not even Mill had any doubts about the dominion the ‘European race’ was called upon to exercise over the rest of the world." (p. 225) 

• [18] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "Mill declared that despotism was a legitimate form of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end was their improvement." (p. 225) 

• [19] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "Mill also argued that freedom was only applicable to societies that had reached a certain level of development, excluding many non-European societies." (p. 225) 

• [21] Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge University Press. "It is incumbent upon the West to engage in an imperial civilizing mission in order to deliver the necessary rational institutions to the Eastern societies." (p. 6) 

• [22] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "The rise of the modern state in western Europe was based on the accumulation of wealth by means of exploiting human labor and displacing millions of subsistence producers from their lands." (p. 33-34) 

• [23] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "The discovery of gold and silver in America, the extirpation, enslavement, and entombment in mines of the aboriginal population, the beginning of the conquest and looting of the East Indies, the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins." (p. 32) 

• [24] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "The institutions of colonialism and methods for relocation, deportation, and expropriation of land had already been practiced, if not perfected, by the end of the fifteenth century." (p. 33-34) 

• [25] Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. "As time went by, the colonizers codified the phenotypic trait of the colonized as color, and they assumed it as the emblematic characteristic of racial category." (p. 534-535) 

• [26] Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. "The privileged positions conquered by the dominant whites for the control of gold, silver, and other commodities produced by the unpaid labor of Indians, blacks, and mestizos." (p. 537) 

• [27] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "The Second Treatise makes repeated reference to the ‘wild Indian’, who moved around ‘insolent and injurious in the woods of America’ or the ‘vacant places of America’." (p. 24) 

• [28] Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Verso Books. "In Locke’s view, ‘captives taken in a just war’ (on the part of the victors) had ‘forfeited their lives and, with it, their liberties’. They were slaves ‘subjected to the absolute dominion and arbitrary power of their masters’." (p. 24) 

• [29] Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(3), 533-580. "The racial inferiority of the colonized implied that they were not worthy of wages." (p. 539) 

• [30] Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge University Press. "Paternalist Eurocentrism, which awards Western societies a pioneering agency such that they can auto-generate or auto-develop into modernity while conversely, Eastern societies are granted conditional agency and are unable to auto-generate or self-develop." (p. 6) 

• [31] Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge University Press. "In this paternalist imaginary it is incumbent upon the West to engage in an imperial civilizing mission in order to deliver the necessary rational institutions to the Eastern societies so as to bring to the surface their latent reason, thereby kick-starting their progressive development into modernity." (p. 6) 

• [32] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "The rise of the modern state in western Europe was based on the accumulation of wealth by means of exploiting human labor and displacing millions of subsistence producers from their lands." (p. 33-34)

SECTION 4 CITATIONS

• [1] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "Jackson's troops fashioned reins for their horses' bridles from skin stripped from the Muskogee bodies, and they saw to it that souvenirs from the corpses were given 'to the ladies of Tennessee.'" p. 99 

• [2] Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. "From the days of Sir William Jones the Orient had been both what Britain ruled and what Britain knew about it: the coincidence between geography, knowledge, and power, with Britain always in the master's place, was complete." p. 215 

• [3] Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. "The cornerstone of the whole system was a constantly refined knowledge of the Orient, so that as traditional societies hastened forward and became modern commercial societies, there would be no loss of paternal British control, and no loss of revenue either." p. 215 

• [4] Lovell, J. (2011). The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China. Picador. "The triumphalist commentators of high British imperialism would later emphasize the contrasts between mid-nineteenth-century Britain and China: the one modern and progressive, the other antiquated and regressive." p. 110-111 

• [5] Lovell, J. (2011). The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China. Picador. "In China today, the Opium War is the traumatic inauguration of the country’s modern history. History books, television documentaries, and museums chorus a simple, received wisdom about the conflict, which goes something like this: In the early nineteenth century, unscrupulous British traders began forcing enormous quantities of Indian opium on Chinese consumers." p. 234 

• [6] Lovell, J. (2011). The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China. Picador. "Opium was apparently the only thing saving the British balance of payments from ruin." p. 252 

• [7] Lovell, J. (2011). The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China. Picador. "Despite efforts to conceal the fact, the treaty that concluded the second China war in 1860 had discreetly added opium to a list of legitimately dutiable goods." p. 270 

• [8] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "Leopold was quick to embellish his imperial schemes with any humanitarian sentiment in the air." p. 191 

• [9] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "He [Morel] saw brutality in the Congo not as a specific imperfection to be wiped out in the way one could wipe out child labor or capital punishment, by passing a law against it, but as part of a complex, deeply embedded 'System,' as he called it—forced labor plus the massive European takeover of African land." p. 238 

• [12] Rodney, W. (1973). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Verso Books. "Monoculture was a colonialist invention." p. 369 

• [13] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "In 1897, when a world's fair took place in Brussels, the most talked-about exhibit was on the outskirts of the city, at Tervuren. More than a million visitors came to see this celebration of the Congo." p. 199 

• [14] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "None of these dreams distracted Leopold from managing his main source of income. He kept the Congo's growing profitability as secret as possible, however, lest it stir up demands that he pay back the Belgian government's big loan." p. 191 

• [15] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "The Congo in Leopold's mind was not the one of starving porters, raped hostages, emaciated rubber slaves, and severed hands. It was the empire of his dreams, with gigantic trees, exotic animals, and inhabitants grateful for his wise rule." p. 199 

• [16] Rodney, W. (1973). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Verso Books. "More far-reaching than just trade is the actual ownership of the means of production in one country by the citizens of another." p. 38-39 

• [17] Rodney, W. (1973). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Verso Books. "In the 1960s the rate of repayment (amortization) on official loans in underdeveloped countries rose from $400 million per year to about $700 million per year." p. 39 

• [18] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The colonial world is a compartmentalized world." p. 3 

• [19] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The colonized world is a world divided in two." p. 3 

• [20] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "In capitalist countries a multitude of sermonizers, counselors, and 'confusion-mongers' intervene between the exploited and the authorities." p. 4 

• [21] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "In colonial regions, however, the proximity and frequent, direct intervention by the police and the military ensure the colonized are kept under close scrutiny, and contained by rifle butts and napalm." p. 4 

• [22] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "Persistent jacqueries and Mau-Mau agitation disrupt the economic life of a colony but pose no threat to the metropolis." p. 39 

• [23] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "Colonialism's condemnation is continental in scale." p. 149-150 

• [24] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The culture which has been retrieved from the past to be displayed in all its splendor is not his national culture." p. 149-150 

• [25] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "When we consider the resources deployed to achieve the cultural alienation so typical of the colonial period, we realize that nothing was left to chance and that the final aim of colonization was to convince the indigenous population it would save them from darkness." p. 149 

• [26] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The violence of the colonized, we have said, unifies the people. By its very structure colonialism is separatist and regionalist." p. 51 

• [27] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "At the individual level, violence is a cleansing force. It rids the colonized of their inferiority complex, of their passive and despairing attitude." p. 51 

• [28] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "Everybody therefore has violence on their minds and the question is not so much responding to violence with more violence but rather how to defuse the crisis." p. 33 

• [29] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "Far from breaking the momentum, repression intensifies the progress made by the national consciousness." p. 32 

• [31] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The colonized peoples, these slaves of modern times, have run out of patience." p. 34 

• [32] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The greater the number of metropolitan settlers, the more terriblethe violence will be." p. 46 

• [33] Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. "The violence of the colonial regime and the counterviolence of the colonized balance each other and respond to each other in an extraordinary reciprocal homogeneity." p. 46 

• [34] Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. "The Orient was almost a European invention, and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences." p. 1 

• [35] Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. "Perhaps it seemed irrelevant that Orientals themselves had something at stake in the process, that even in the time of Chateaubriand and Nerval Orientals had lived there, and that now it was they who were suffering." p. 1 

• [36] Herman, E. S., & Peterson, D. (2010). The Politics of Genocide. Monthly Review Press. "The vulgar politicization of the concept of genocide, and the 'emerging international norm' of humanitarian intervention, appear to be products of the fading of the Cold War." p. 10-11  

• [38] Herman, E. S., & Peterson, D. (2010). The Politics of Genocide. Monthly Review Press. "As the U.S. government and its proxy regimes in Saigon and Jakarta were the perpetrators of these mass-atrocity crimes, the victims were rarely acknowledged." p. 19-20 

• [39] Herman, E. S., & Peterson, D. (2010). The Politics of Genocide. Monthly Review Press. "When we ourselves commit mass-atrocity crimes, the atrocities are Constructive, our victims are unworthy of our attention and indignation." p. 103 

• [40] Herman, E. S., & Peterson, D. (2010). The Politics of Genocide. Monthly Review Press. "In an amazing 'end of impunity' set of coincidences, it turns out that all fourteen of the ICC’s indictments through mid-2009 had been issued against black Africans from three countries." p. 20 

• [41] Herman, E. S., & Peterson, D. (2010). The Politics of Genocide. Monthly Review Press. "Issuing an arrest warrant for the President of Sudan contributes to a higher good—or so the Court maintains—in that it advances a long-term goal of international justice." p. 104-105 

• [42] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "But for Leopold, the move was a public relations coup, and he cemented his triumph with visits to England, Germany, and Sweden in the summer of 1897." p. 198 

• [43] Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. "At the individual level, violence is a cleansing force. It rids the colonized of their inferiority complex, of their passive and despairing attitude." p. 51 

• [44] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. "The goal of the imperial grand strategy is to prevent any challenge to the 'power, position, and prestige of the United States.'" p. 13 

• [45] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. "Contempt for international law and institutions was particularly flagrant in the Reagan-Bush years—the first reign of Washington's current incumbents." p. 13 

• [46] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. "Kosovo was an ugly place before the NATO bombing, with an estimated 2,000 killed on all sides during the preceding year." p. 39 

• [47] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. "The prime illustration of the new era, however, was Kosovo, where the US and its allies acted out of 'altruism' and 'moral fervor' alone." p. 40 

• [48] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. "The standard picture reverses the order of events. Uncontroversially, the bombing preceded the ethnic cleansing and atrocities." p. 38-39 

• [53] Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. "By this time, Theodore Roosevelt was president. His corporate-friendly militarism, particularly his rapid development of the navy and his carefully staged performance as leader of the Rough Riders militia in Cuba, brought him to the presidency." p. 165-166 

• [54] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. "The IMF issued its first full-fledged 'structural adjustment' program in 1983." p. 163-164 

• [55] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. "Structural adjustment was sold as the process that countries needed to undergo in order to save their economies from the crisis." p. 164-165 

• [56] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. "In Argentina, the already huge debt of $45 billion passed on by the junta grew rapidly until it reached $65 billion in 1989." p. 159 

• [57] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. "Too many, as it turned out. After a year in office, and under intense pressure from the IMF, Menem embarked on a defiant course of 'voodoo politics.'" p. 165 

• [58] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. "Understandably unwilling to go to war with the Washington institutions that owned their debts, crisis-struck new democracies had little choice but to play by Washington's rules." p. 161 

• [59] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Picador. "Amid the weapons trade, the private soldiers, for-profit reconstruction and the homeland security industry, what has emerged as a result of the Bush administration's particular brand of post-September 11 shock therapy is a fully articulated new economy." p. 14  

• [65] Rodney, W. (1973). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Verso Books. "One of the common means by which one nation exploits another and one that is relevant to Africa’s external relations is exploitation through trade." p. 38 

SECTION 5 CITATIONS

• [1] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “Fascism, too, has historically been a phenomenon of weak or failed liberal states and belated or damaged capitalist systems rather than of triumphant ones.” (p. 81)

• [2] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “The deadlock or collapse of an existing liberal state was more crucial. It is vital to remember that in both Germany and Italy, the constitutional state had ceased to function normally well before the fascists were brought into power.” (p. 117)

• [3] Robinson, C. J. (2000). Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. University of North Carolina Press. “In Fascism, the petit bourgeoisie had become the social instrument of the increasingly desperate bourgeoisie in the effort to destroy the same historical subject: the workers’ movement.” (p. 324)

• [4] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “Fascists hated liberals as much as they hated socialists, but for different reasons. For fascists, the internationalist, socialist Left was the enemy and the liberals were the enemies’ accomplices.” (p. 19)

• [5] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “On closer inspection, of course, electoral success was not the most important precondition of fascist arrival in power. The deadlock or collapse of an existing liberal state was more crucial.” (p. 117)

• [6] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “A crisis of capitalism, according to Marxists, gave birth to fascism. Unable to assure ever-expanding markets, ever-widening access to raw materials, and ever-willing cheap labor through the normal operation of constitutional regimes and free markets, capitalists were obliged, Marxists say, to find some new way to attain these ends by force.” (p. 19)

• [7] Parker, R. A. C. (1993). Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of The Second World War. Macmillan. “The grievances of Versailles which provided Hitler with the means to appeal to German support and foreign sympathy were reparations, disarmament, colonies, the demilitarisation of the Rhineland, the enforced independence of Austria, the frontiers of Czechoslovakia and the frontier of Poland.” (p. 13)

• [9] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “Fascists could never attain power without the acquiescence or even active assent of the traditional elites.” (p. 13)

• [10] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “At its fullest development, fascism redrew the frontiers between private and public, sharply diminishing what had once been untouchably private.” (p. 11)

• [11] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “The role of intellectuals was crucial at three points...in discrediting previous liberal regimes; in creating new poles outside the Left around which anger and protest...could be mobilized; and in making fascist violence respectable.” (p. 77)

• [12] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “Whenever fascists reached power, to be sure, capitalists mostly accommodated with them as the best available nonsocialist solution.” (p. 207-208)

• [13] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “Capitalism and fascism made practicable bedfellows (though not inevitable ones, nor always comfortable ones).” (p. 208)

• [14] Tooze, A. (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. Viking. “Faced with this extraordinary chain of disaster, the Reich industrial association clung first to Chancellor Bruening and then to General Schleicher in the hope that they might salvage something from the wreckage.” (p. 105)

• [15] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “The relationship between business concerns and the Nazi regime is the subject of several exemplary monographs. Peter Hayes shows in Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), how the giant chemical consortium, which would have preferred to continue the regime of free trade within which it had become the largest corporation in Europe in the 1920s adapted itself to Nazi autarky and profited mightily.” (p. 232)

• [17] Black, E. (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Crown. “IBM was guided by one precept: know your customer, anticipate their needs. Watson stayed close to his customer with frequent visits to Germany and continuous daily micro-managed oversight of the business.” (p. 117)

• [18] Black, E. (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Crown. “IBM indeed accelerated their breakneck alliance with Nazism. Now Thomas Watson, through and because of IBM, would become the commercial syndic of Germany, committed as never before to global advocacy for the Third Reich.” (p. 117)

• [20] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “A crisis of capitalism, according to Marxists, gave birth to fascism. Unable to assure ever-expanding markets, ever-widening access to raw materials, and ever-willing cheap labor through the normal operation of constitutional regimes and free markets, capitalists were obliged, Marxists say, to find some new way to attain these ends by force.” (p. 19)

• [21] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “The successful maneuvers by Italian business executives to become the managers of Mussolini’s corporatist economic system and retain an area of ‘private power’ within Fascism.” (p. 232)

• [22] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “Considering fascism simply as a capitalist tool sends us astray in two respects. The narrow and rigid formula that became orthodox in Stalin’s Third International denied fascism’s autonomous roots and authentic popular appeal.” (p. 207)

• [23] Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. Knopf. “At its fullest development, fascism redrew the frontiers between private and public, sharply diminishing what had once been untouchably private.” (p. 11)

• [25] Black, E. (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Crown. “IBM was guided by one precept: know your customer, anticipate their needs. Watson stayed close to his customer with frequent visits to Germany and continuous daily micro-managed oversight of the business.” (p. 117)

• [26] Black, E. (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Crown. “Anti-Semitic violence and general repression in Germany was an undeniable fact for all in America, but especially for anyone who could read the front page or the first few pages of the New York Times, listen to a radio broadcast, or watch a newsreel.” (p. 69) 

SECTION 6 CITATIONS

• [1] Mason, P. (2012). Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. Verso. “The terms of the proposed second bailout, as dictated by the EU, would reduce the size of the state from 53 per cent of GDP to 44 per cent in just six years.” (p. 94)

• [2] Mason, P. (2012). Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. Verso. “And it would sell off every state-owned national asset that it could: airports, ports, the motorways built with EU subsidy, even some of the smaller Greek islands were mooted for sale—all at knockdown prices, at the bottom of the market.” (p. 94)

• [3] Mason, P. (2012). Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. Verso. “The austerity programme would suppress growth for half a decade, sink the prospects of an entire generation of young people—already facing youth unemployment of 26 per cent.” (p. 94)

• [4] Mason, P. (2012). Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. Verso. “And in the end could only lead to a third bailout. Except there could be no third bailout: the country would default on its debts—the only question being, in the end, by how much and how chaotically.” (p. 94)

• [5] Mason, P. (2012). Why It's Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. Verso. “The result was faster economic collapse and—as the EU leaders found out in late October—imminent bankruptcy. Faced with new evidence showing that austerity had no hope of saving Greece.” (p. 104)

• [6] Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press. “Portuguese net debt to GDP increased from 62 percent in 2006 to 108 percent in 2012, while the interest that pays for Portugal’s ten-year bonds went from 4.5 percent in May 2009 to 14.7 percent in January 2012.” (p. 4)

• [7] Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press. “Ireland’s net debt-to-GDP ratio of 24.8 percent in 2007 rose to 106.4 percent in 2012, while its ten-year bonds went from 4 percent in 2007 to a peak of 14 percent in 2011.” (p. 4)

• [8] Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press. “Unemployment shot up from 8 percent to 25 percent in three years, with youth unemployment reaching 52 percent in mid-2012.” (p. 67)

• [9] Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press. “The more we try to cut, as Greece and Spain are proving to the world, the worse it gets.” (p. 10)

• [10] Galeano, E. (1997). Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Monthly Review Press. “The wealth of iron beneath Brazil’s Paraopeba valley overthrew two presidents—Jânio Quadros and João Goulart—before Marshal Castelo Branco, who made himself dictator in 1964, graciously handed it over to the Hanna Mining Company.” (p. 165)

• [11] Galeano, E. (1997). Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Monthly Review Press. “In Venezuela, the largest U.S. military mission in Latin America sits on Standard and Gulf’s great petroleum lake.” (p. 166)

• [12] Galeano, E. (1997). Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Monthly Review Press. “Latin America continues exporting its unemployment and poverty: the raw materials that the world market needs, and on whose sale the regional economy depends.” (p. 244)

• [13] Galeano, E. (1997). Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Monthly Review Press. “Unequal exchange functions as before: hunger wages in Latin America help finance high salaries in the United States and Europe.” (p. 244)

• [14] Rodney, W. (1981). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Howard University Press. “The colonial system permitted the rapid development of technology and skills within the metropolitan sectors of imperialism. It also allowed for the elaboration of the modern organisational techniques of the capitalist firm and of imperialism as a whole.” (p. 271)

• [15] Rodney, W. (1981). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Howard University Press. “Foreign companies owning much of Africa’s land and natural resources, extracting wealth while contributing little to local development.” (p. 338)

• [16] Rodney, W. (1981). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Howard University Press. “Oil spills and gas flaring have destroyed local ecosystems, making traditional farming and fishing impossible.” (p. 338)

• [17] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books. “Millions of Americans lost their homes and jobs, while the financial institutions responsible for the crisis were bailed out with taxpayer money.” (p. 298)

• [18] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books. “What happened in the period of mass disorientation after the attacks was, in retrospect, a domestic form of economic shock therapy. The Bush team, Friedmanite to the core, quickly moved to exploit the shock that gripped the nation to push through its radical vision of a hollow government in which everything from war fighting to disaster response was a for-profit venture.” (p. 298)

• [19] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books. “The gap between the rich and poor in the United States has widened dramatically, with the top 1% of earners capturing a disproportionate share of the economic recovery.” (p. 164)

• [20] Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books. “Growing inequality sparked widespread social unrest, with movements like Occupy Wall Street and Black Lives Matter emerging to challenge the status quo.” (p. 418)

• [21] Klein, N. (2014). This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate. Simon & Schuster. “Welfare cuts have left many people struggling to afford basic necessities, with food bank use soaring in recent years.” (p. 236)

• [22] Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press. “The austerity measures imposed by the EU and IMF led to a sharp increase in poverty, with one in three Greeks now living below the poverty line.” (p. 4)

• [23] Blyth, M. (2013). Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford University Press. “Unemployment, defaults, inflation, currency crises, stock-market collapses, austerity: all these are consistent with the new, lower, level of economic activity and are not unique to any one country or part of the world.” (p. 188)

• [24] Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. Verso. “Capitalism’s basic problem is that capital’s demand for Cheap Natures tends to rise faster than its capacity to secure them. The costs of production rise, and accumulation falters.” (p. 297-298)

• [25] Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. Verso. “Capitalism’s dynamism owes much to a specific, and absurd, way of dealing with this relation: by severing it symbolically, and then acting accordingly. This specific and absurd mode of environment-making is revealed in today’s biocidal wreckage.” (p. 21)

• [26] Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. Verso. “The result today is a world in which every nook and cranny bears the impress of capital’s toxification: from heavy metals in Arctic glaciers and children’s blood, to the plastic 'garbage patches' in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, to rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2.” (p. 271)

• [27] Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. Verso. “Together, world agriculture and forestry (including land clearance) contributes between one-quarter and one-third of greenhouse gas emissions—rivaling or exceeding industry or energy.” (p. 272)

• [28] Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. Verso. “There is a cumulative dimension to primary production. The long era of high 'rewards' with minimal 'effort' and low environmental impact is yielding to a non-linear curve of declining rewards and rising effort, implicating dramatically greater environmental changes.” (p. 21)

• [29] Klein, N. (2014). This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate. Simon & Schuster. “The environmental destruction isn’t just confined to the Global South. In the developed world, too, the pursuit of economic growth has led to environmental degradation and a decline in quality of life.” (p. 160)

• [30] Robinson, W. I. (2014). Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Humanity. Cambridge University Press. “Neo-liberal policies typically include the liberalization of trade and finance, deregulation of capital (but not an end to state intervention to assist capital in its accumulation activities).” (p. 56)

• [31] Klein, N. (2014). This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate. Simon & Schuster. “The corporate quest for natural resources will become more rapacious, more violent. Arable land in Africa will continue to be seized to provide food and fuel to wealthier nations, unleashing a new stage of neocolonial plunder layered on top of the most plundered places on earth.” (p. 61)

• [32] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. “The new global order was to be subordinated to the needs of the US economy and subject to US political control as much as possible.” (p. 99)

• [33] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. “US planning at the time was sophisticated and thorough. The highest priority was to reconstruct the industrial world along lines that would satisfy the requirements of the business interests that dominate policy formation.” (p. 100)

• [34] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. “The principle is ‘America as historical vanguard’: ‘History has a discernible direction and destination. Uniquely among all the nations of the world, the United States comprehends and manifests history's purpose.’” (p. 31)

• [35] Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance. Metropolitan Books. “This erosion of democratic norms is not an accidental byproduct of neoliberalism; it is a direct consequence of a system that prioritizes market stability over human rights.” (p. 12)

• [36] Robinson, W. I. (2014). Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Humanity. Cambridge University Press. “The result of U.S. military conquest is not the creation of exclusive zones for 'U.S.' exploitation, as was the result of the Spanish conquest of Latin America, the British of South Africa and India, the Dutch of Indonesia, and so forth, in earlier moments of the world capitalist system.” (p. 122)