Colorectal Cancer Treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC), which comprises colon and/or rectum cancer, represents a significant health problem as the world’s third most commonly diagnosed and second most fatal cancer globally [1]. Approximately 9.4% of cancer-related deaths were due to CRC in 2020 [2]. However, in light of the significant increase in the number of identified cases in the older population, it is estimated that the global incidence of CRC will more than double by 2035, with the most significant increase occurring in less developed nations [3].

Colorectal cancer is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells. There are three principal types of CRC: Sporadic, hereditary, and colitis-associated. The number of CRC cases is increasing globally day by day. Both environmental and genetic factors determine the risk of developing CRC. In addition, the risk of developing CRC in patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease increases with age [4]. Multiple studies have demonstrated that risk factors for CRC include diet and lifestyle, family history, and chronic inflammation [5].

Clinically, CRC is dangerous not because it is mysterious, but because it is initially quiet. Early tumors often grow slowly and produce vague or no symptoms. Subtle changes in bowel habits, mild anemia from occult bleeding, or intermittent abdominal discomfort are easy to ignore or rationalize. By the time clear symptoms appear such as significant bleeding, obstruction, weight loss and pain, the disease has often progressed beyond the colon wall. Metastatic spread commonly targets the liver first due to portal circulation, then lungs and peritoneum, turning a localized epithelial problem into a systemic, life-threatening condition.

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