February Video: Black Holes & Information Paradox
Some house keeping at the start of this video.
Twitch: acollierastro
Messenger lectures: https://www.cornell.edu/video/playlist/leonard-susskind-messenger-lectures
John Michell: https://www.jstor.org/stable/106576?seq=2
Oppenheimer and Snyder: https://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.56.455
00:00 house keeping
07:36 black holes
22:00 information paradox
Comments (58)
I've said more than enough on this topic already. I just want to give a shout out for your citing the letter of Rev. Michell from 1783. I finally finished it. His mention of the point where a light corpuscle's gravity would fully counteract its ability to escape is such a small detail in the argument. What I love about the letter is its interplay between theory & evidence. People who do observations have to synthesize diverse facts & theories, shape them toward their ends, to find out what they can at the present limits of our abilities. Here, he shows how we can calculate far beyond our direct observations for his day's foreseeable future, with excellent chances of landing fairly close to the truth. He is concerned with the problem of how to know the actual brightness of & distance to a star given only sundry facts we can ascertain, like apparent brightness & parallax. In the general case, we can't always decide. But take heart, he says, it's likely that we'll be able to bust thru in a small number of cases. Thus, he argues, we need to gather as much evidence together as we can so that someday, knowing more about that handful, we can continue the progress incrementally on the rest. Rev. Michell going the extra mile to eke out an inch, is inspiring. Another thing I love in reading old papers from so far back in time is that the physics is Newtonian. This paper is a long slog, but it's accessible to anyone with a few physics classes. Today we use some different jargon, like Doppler effect, redshift, & black hole, but the basic ideas don't need general relativity or the Schwarzchild solution, to be comprehended.
The “my war with Stephen hawking” framing immediately sets off my alarm bells for me thanks to miniminuteman’s breakdown of ancient apocalypse. Graham Hancock just cannot shut up about how much mainstream archaeology hates him. Whenever someone talks like that, I don’t assume they’re talking crazy, but I do put my critical thinking ears on.
immediately reminded of how out of wack my concept of time is when you announced Nebula (oh hell yes) but also mentioned the tik tok ban stuff. UGH it feels like that happened years ago 😭
Your fellow Nebula creator and Trekkie, Jessie Gender, has switched from opening with "Hello interwebs, I hope you're doing well," to "I hope you're doing as well as you can be," and I think we're all feeling that right now.
Re: the topic of this being called a "paradox" but not being an actual paradox https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppX7Qjbe6BM jan Misali has an interesting video categorizing paradoxes, and this feels like it fits into the "one guy getting very confused, writing it down, and getting it published" category.
I'll watch that in full. Meantime, the naked fact that Misali has five buckets suggests he's looking at a word that's used multiple ways as if this gets a handle on what the word can be used to convey, but I suggest it's a hint that there may be a tail in this distribution. As to the applicable sense being meaning 5, provisionally I'll say I don't see it. Maybe after I listen more, I'll come around. But offhand, I have to wonder who's the one gal & what is it she's confused about? And what's the framing absent that confusion? Well I'll say I think what's at stake is unitarity implies reversible, in principle. Quantum state disappearing at an inside edge (a black hole singularity) of the universe (manifold) would mean both that a thing that seems to happen within general relativity violates quantum mechanics, & a belief that both quantum mechanics & general relativity should be applicable in this situation is shattered. And, pending a change after I watch, my simple definition (based on two examples, Zeno's & Russell's paradoxes) is that when two seemingly valid chains of reasoning, both of which a reasonable person agrees with, give us apparently incompatible different answers, and we are stumped by it, we feel smacked in the nose by the wall, that's a sufficient condition for a problem to be called a "paradox". Both Zeno's & Russell's are solved, but many smart people were stumped before we figured them out. In the case of the black hole information loss "problem", we have the two valid arguments, different answers, we believe both, reasonably smart people were stumped. At least if you happen to be one of those people, paradox is a perfectly good word for that. If, like Dr. Collier, you can live with that situation, there's bigger fish to fry, then OK, you see that framing as hype. But still, what she's able to express without a better understanding of what's problematic than she was able to describe in this video, she won't be able to state the problem accurately enough for you to have an informed opinion. She has vague ideas that string theory & holography are important here because that's what she knows about Dr. Susskind's work, but that view, I don't think stands up to scrutiny. Which she's unmotivated to do. All I desire is to nudge her to seek a better handle on the subject. And I make excuses for Dr. Susskind because he was my professor. Dr. Collier lumps him in with Feynman Bros because that's a useful category for her. She's a grownup. Her life is her life. She's smart, funny, & utterly capable of making choices that are the best for her. It's up to her to watch the rest of a lecture or return to her book reading. Still, she predicted where in her video Feynman Bros would tune out, accurately. I would say that not watching takes a tiny bit of force out of the punch one can deliver on a subject. I disregarded comments from Feynman Bros once it became clear to me they took the shortcut. Am I principled, or shall I pick favorites & make excuses? I'm human. I don't know. It's a paradox.
Thank you for the explanation of the information paradox and holographic principle, this made more sense to me than whatever else I've heard before.
Dear Dr. Collier & your subscribers, It's not my place to be answering physics questions in your Patreon. But people are asking questions, you deserve your you-time, & even my amateur answers are better than nothing. A word to the wise, I mean, I can take a hint. If I'm out of line... Not that I have any plan to make a habit of this. Your following is here for you. I have a clear sense that they're addressing you directly. They don't think of their comments as on a public square. Or, not as much as in other venues. I am not a physicist. I concede all authority to Dr. Collier who is both smarter than me & more qualified in physics. I learned about BH physics from Dr. Susskind's classes available to the general public, which I took for 8 years. They were just lectures, no problem sets, nor exams. To the extent that Dr. Susskind may have been working at the cutting edge of something, we were exposed to that work. My prior physics learning was 2 years as a physics major at Stanford, textbooks were Paul Allen Tipler's Modern Physics, Shankar Principles of QM, The Berkeley Physics Course, & Feynman Lectures. I excelled at problem sets, aced my exams, & learned more from grading homeworks the following year than I had from doing the problems the first time. Of course my answer sheets had better answers than my original homeworks both bc I knew more physics & bc I wrote them up after grading papers. Point being, I know how much I learned decades later from Lenny. IMO he gave us more tools than my two rigorous years. He taught the math he needed us to have over the prerequisite of basic calculus including tensors, Christoffel symbols, Liouville thm, Legendre transforms etc. I do mean to upgrade to a voting subscription as I simultaneously cut others that are further above my pain point. I don't want to vote, I wouldn't have wanted you to do this topic, but I'll always be eager to hear what you think of anything. I trust you to choose what to create by any means you deem to help you. I don't equate my interests to any idea that passed thru my ears as to your goals. I tend to assume that my own choices are atypical in both this & most other circles. I'm happy for you, Dr. Collier, that you can be excited for something. I wish you a good life. Everything you said in this video was careful & essentially accurate. That said, I can add, I dunno, some context. That second Susskind book is meant as a primer for physicists outside the specialties of black hole entropy & quantum information. I can't solve the POD problem. Sorry, it sucks. Maybe we could start a list of POD books & book providers. But I suggest the physics presented in the info book is directly relevant to the question at hand. And I am in fact seeing *you* as its intended audience. Lenny arguably fleshed out Gerard's holography idea enough to be given some credit for the research direction that emerged from it. That may be seen as either a good thing or a bad idea. Juan's AdS/CFT work can be taken as a vindication of holography. OTOH, we could be skeptical. The conflict between GR & QM that arises bc of BH physics is that the seeming loss of "information" via the Hawking radiation is forbidden by unitary evolution. Equivalently, a) the Hawking radiation & the BH are a mixed state; b) the BH system changes state irreversibly. Now, we might call this a "paradox" bc as far as we know empirically, both GR & QM (QFT) sb valid in this situation. The overall relevance of BH physics, as Maldacena says, is the math of event horizons applies to both black holes & big bang theory. Deeper understandings of how our universe came into being & the relationship between gravity & quantum quantum quantum appear to be an opportunity for progress in multiple blocked directions where particle physicists want to push beyond their Standard Model theoretically but experiments seem to be at a dead end. Experimental evidence for the cosmological connection to QFT includes that an explicit quantum model of fluctuations predicts the surface of last scattering should make a rippled pattern as observed in the CMB. The connection to string theory is that Bekenstein's BH entropy bound has been explicitly modeled using string theory. That is, the entropy would be actual quantum microstates. Thus the conflicting predictions of GR & QM can be seen as not in contradiction. There's no other such model showing a similar result, by conventional or speculative means. I don't disagree with Dr. Collier's dismissive attitude towards this research direction. I agree, as I think so does Lenny, that thermo is on the whole more important to the body of physics. Like Dr. Collier, I'm a fan of PV=nRT. Right along with the Virial theorem. I don't know if Dr. Collier has heard of Nicole Yunger Halpern, whose posts I used to read on Preskill's blog, about her research direction which was at the time non-equilibrium thermo. I have not read Yunger Halpern's new book Quantum Steampunk. I'd be happy to get an opinion about it from Dr. Collier. That'd be swell. Because it's a new book, I can't get it used, ie, it's above my price cap. I don't usually do New Year's resolutions, but... I procured & set a deadline of 2025 on a lot of Dr. Collier's 2024 suggested books. Avg cost, a smidge over $5 each, used. I'd read LeGuin's 3 biggies in her Hainish "cycle" long ago, but now I'm gonna reread them along with all the rest, which are all available for 50 bucks as a 2-book box set. Thanks, Dr. Collier! P.S. The "Firewall Paradox" seemed to be a dagger to the chest of BH unitarity. The closest we've gotten to a solve of that is the proposal that the wavefunction of the BH "lives" in its interior until the "Page time" after which it discontinuously "lives" in the Hawking radiation. It calls into question the physical meaning of the WF, but ostensibly it saves unitarity. I'd also call into question the physical meaning of the Event Horizon bc how is "can't get out" a local observable? But what do I know? Um, anyway, this still leaves us with only a possibility of unitarity, not a proof of it. Certainly not, as Dr. Collier would demand, an experimental confirmation of it. Strictly speaking, I don't believe pure quantum states exist at all. But let's save that argument for another day. If ever. P.P.S. AdS isn't a theory of gravity. Bill Unruh pointed out, I've never heard other physicists refer to it in public or within my earshot, that whether or not a wavefunction defined on a manifold is pure or mixed depends sensitively on the manifold's shape. He meant this only as a simple example to illustrate how it might be that generically the universe as a whole might be in a mixed & not a pure state. As for what the shape of the universe really is, observationally, we can't quite discriminate between 3 possible types of shape we'd like it to be: a sphere, a hyperplane, or a hyperboloid. If its curvature overall is positive at large scale, its shape is a "sphere" & we call that a deSitter geometry. OTOH, if it's negative, that's an Anti-deSitter geometry. The advantage of hyperbolic is it has this property: M.C. Escher: Circle Limit IV https://mcescher.com/product/poster-large-circle-limit-lv-bl-w That is, it has infinite extent packed into a finite area. Its edge is literally the sum of its interior. Then, when we superimpose a gravity theory into the interior, ie, the "bulk", a direct analog quantum field theory emerges on its boundary, ie, at the edge. There's a dimensional reduction argument (or that's what I think I recall) that the Standard Model might actually live in a 2D subspace. Where it would be further reduced to a Conformal Field Theory. That's quite a simplification, if true. Anyway, AdS/CFT is between a 4D AdS gravity theory & a 3D CFT. Our realistic expectation is that our universe at large scales has positive curvature (lives on a deSitter manifold). If so, there's no reason to expect it to ever end. The AdS/CFT relies on arguments that we can reach the edge in finite time. Those don't go thru. And, I guess, Footnote: I forgot one of my textbooks. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, by P.A.M. Dirac, originally printed in 1930. The latest printing may well be a garbage book. But the text is a good book. Historically important book that taught the then-latest quantum mechanics to physicists of that day. Dr. Susskind hoped we'd love it & some of us didn't. The living-room physics club I was in bogged down because one of us was quite mathy & he couldn't stomach the lack of mathematical rigor. That's ironic, as too much math rigor had made the book hard for physicists back then. Anyway, I'm mathy & I'm not too finicky about a vector space being real or complex, the distinction between inner product & dot product, between a "basis" & a "complete orthonormal set". I know which is which, and as long as I'm not confused, it's OK with me to use the terms interchangeably until the distinction matters. So, I'm with Lenny. If you get a chance, see if you like it. If not, it's fine. Me, I loved reading Maxwell's earlier papers where he seemed as confused as I was learning electromagnetism. That is, he was learning a subject nobody had a good handle on until people like Faraday had poked & prodded it to death. Faraday had had an intuition which fortunately panned out, & he chased it doggedly. Good for all of us that he did, & that he was right enough about it. Anyway, Maxwell's confusion pleases me no end. I'm nowhere near as smart as those guys, but when you're skirting the edge, you're like a child, you just don't know stuff. And kids can get things wrong in hilariously smart ways. Confirmed: Amazon 2013 paperback $30 new. 2023 paperback $18 new. Reviewer says (Amazon doesn't make clear which edition reviews are of, but look at this): Poor font on book Reviewed in India on August 3, 2023 Verified Purchase This book look like someone print at home and sell online. Very poor font black ink is missing in so many letter. Very bad, hard to read." One reviewer shows us a page with a library stamp in Greek. One review shows text fills only a small portion of each page, like it was photoreduced. Seems like what's at work here is out-and-out theft. Obviously, check it out from a library. Procure a used copy of an older edition. Pay attention to the cover. Poor copy quality may stand out more on the cover than inside. Thank god for free markets. /s Happy reading, whatever you read this year. Good luck with your day job. We used to call that biz, "Bilking the government". I mean grant factories. But we were in favor of it. They do a lot of good. They're more relevant than ever, but not enough of the public knows that. (P.)^N S.: Yes, LS is human. RPF befriended a young LS. LS remembers it like Ralph Leighton. I can resist the temptation to take LS confirming RPF bros dreams as gospel. Is LS a good talker? Well, not in terms of knocking my socks off. But LS knows who he's talking to & is low key enough to make his audience feel comfortable. Lots of physicists enjoy working with LS. My impression of RPF is that he could be very nice at times & awful at other times. I imagine a wide range of reactions to that. But, I'll have to wait to confirm my theory until the next iteration of the Big Bang. Seeya there!
Do the Bartman
I've had this question and gotten odd answers to it for years. I think it was in Errol Morris's documentary abut Hawking, "A Brief History of Time" - (it might have been something else) - It explains that if you were to go into a black hole, (ignoring that you would be torn to shreds), you would approach the black hole, and cross the event horizon and everything (time-wise) would seem the same to you. BUT, someone looking at you from Earth, would see you right on the event horizon....... forever.... and they would never see you go in. So my question is, if from Earth, nothing ever seems to cross the event horizon, the "stuff" is stuck there forever, is it true that from our perspective, we never see a black hole grow.. at all.. "ever."
No, because the event horizon grows & can shrink. Its surface area is directly proportional to the black hole's mass. Its radius also grows & shrinks according the usual formula that area of a sphere equals 4 pi R^2. Also, please think about how we might be able to "see" the size of the black hole's "disc". This is not a "gimme" question. If you want to bend your mind even more, think about the definition of the event horizon: It's where escape velocity is the speed of light. That is, in GR-speak, no world line from that spot can intersect the outside universe. In a little more detail, it may help you to know that at low curvature, most of the effect of curved spacetime in usual astronomy situations & altitudes would be on the time coordinate. This is because units of time are multiplied by the speed of light, which in familiar units is pretty big. We can hold our distance units fixed, practically. We wouldn't really expect to be able to see a black hole's disc change appreciably unless the black hole was smallish & it's eating something else kinda big. For a supermassive black hole, the curvature at its event horizon is almost "flat spacetime". For a collapsed star black hole, there's more curvature, but that's where we would still expect the main result to be "flat space", ie mostly time dilation as opposed to spatial size. And now I can just quote you this Q&A explainer: Does Time Stop In a Black Hole? https://profoundphysics.com/why-time-slows-down-near-a-black-hole As one moves closer and closer to a black hole, the passing of time will also slow down more and more. So, does time therefore stop as one falls into a black hole? Time does stop at the event horizon of a black hole, but only as seen by someone outside the black hole. This is because any physical signal will get infinitely redshifted at the event horizon, thus never reaching the outside observer. Someone falling into a black hole, however, would not see time stop. [What I meant by "flat" is that the tidal forces are close to imperceptible. If the world line of a photon gets bent backwards, that is some kind of curved, obviously.]
So the lipstick works with the whole "not Chucky" look It's like a fresh scar. So this is just an extremely early Halloween special. Or a reflection of how things are going so far this year. Either way
What the ever loving shit are you saying?
It's going about as well as we expected. Genuinely, thanks for asking. I was unexpectedly laid off last week, which... Well I guess here I am, you know? It's so great that we have communities of sanity like this, and I'm glad to see you join nebula. Might be time for me to get a subscription (when I have an income again)-do you have a creator code that I missed somewhere? As a practical step that has been helping me more or less stay sane, I have been getting active with an activist group called Climate Changemakers for the past couple months. It's been really helping my mental and emotional state, actually doing Something. It's a nonpartisan group, low pressure and focused on small, manageable actions that actually help the situation. With the federal disaster, the focus has shifted to state and local action to still progress climate goals. The events are generally weekly Hours of Action basically just to dedicate one hour a week toward Doing Something. It's really helped me personally at least take the edge off the feeling of helplessness.
can someone explain to me how that pair of spontanously generated photons take away part of the black holes mass when one of them is emited as radiation if photons have no mass?
Mass and energy are "equivalent". When we say a photon is "massless" we mean its rest mass is 0. But its energy is always equal to its frequency (in some units). Which is equal to a "mass" according to the formula E=mc^2. When we do the calculation, a typical Hawking photon's energy is incredibly low, meaning its wavelength & so its "size" is many times the black hole's size. That photon, the one that escapes, will appear to be spontaneously spat out of empty space far away from the black hole's event horizon. And it'd be indetectible both because of its low energy & because it's far colder than the CMB is now. Just wait a few trillion years, though, then whatever's alive then might be able to pick it out & recognize it as a deviation from the utter blackness of deep space. Right now, we can pick out galaxies in any direction we point our telescopes at. Hopefully, by then there'd be one black spot to pick out a Hawking photon in. There's no other way to lose mass than by emitting a particle. And there's no way to emit a particle without losing energy. Which is equal to a mass.
Regarding jobs, here is an interesting email from the NSF. The bottom line is people are pushing back against Trump's attempt to arbitrarily just shut down R&D. This is good news but only applies to money already awarded, when it comes to future awards that is completely under the control of the executive branch: From: grants_conference@nsf.gov Subject: Message to the NSF PI Community Dear Colleagues; On Friday, January 31, 2025, a Federal Court issued a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) directing Federal grant-making agencies, including the National Science Foundation (NSF), to “...not pause, freeze, impede, block, cancel, or terminate... awards and obligations to provide federal financial assistance to the States, and... not impede the States’ access to such awards and obligations, except on the basis of the applicable authorizing statutes, regulations, and terms.” Although the language of the TRO is directed at State institutions, the Department of Justice has determined that it applies to all NSF award recipients. You can review the TRO here: https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/files/TRO-NY-v-Trump-1.31.25.pdf In order to comply with the TRO, the NSF Award Cash Management Service (ACM$) system is available for awardees to request payments as of 12:00pm EST, February 2, 2025. This message is also available on the Executive Order Implementation webpage. Please check back regularly as we add frequently asked questions (FAQs) based on community feedback. Sethuraman Panchanathan Director
So, perhaps this is naive, because I have no understanding of black holes outside of pop sci books. But, even if the holographic principle doesn't make a lot of sense in general, isn't it sort of the 'natural' resolution to this problem? For instance, it's my understanding that for real black holes, from our perspective outside, nothing ever actually makes it 'into' the black hole. It would take an 'infinite' amount of time to do so, because time starts moving increasingly slowly (relative to us) the closer things get to the event horizon. So, to us, it _actually_ looks like everything 'in' the black hole is at best on its surface, even without some kind of general holographic principle. I could swear I've heard mention of this before, too. Like, some supposed correspondence between Hawking radiation of an 'idealized' black hole and the behavior of actual matter very near to the surface of a black hole. Then there isn't even an appearance of a paradox, because the actual stuff near the surface of real black holes will differ, and contains the 'information.' Eventually the information escapes having never really made it 'inside' the black hole, because nothing ever does from the perspective of someone who isn't falling into one. But of course, as I said, I don't have any genuine understanding of black holes.
It's important to say that the "time slowing down" isn't from the point of view of an infalling observer. Proper time = subjective time, & the only way to actually stop time from the POV of a subjective observer is for the "observer" to be a photon. The key insight highlighted by this line of thought is that there are simply "places" that are "out there", "in existence", that can never be "seen" by any means from a disconnected section of "spacetime". The reason Hawking photons even if the "information" has simply sat at or near the horizon for forever, don't solve the information loss problem is because the quantum state of the near horizon quantum background (vacuum) "thermalizes" meaning its history gets cut off. The meaning of "black holes have no hair" is that the exact equivalence to a classical thermal equilibration means the information is truly lost. That's why it's a "paradox". That definitely isn't an allowed outcome in a pure quantum system. No one has a satisfying answer to it. The different physics observed from different gravitational reference frames goes by the name "black hole complementarity". The main reason it isn't seen as a definitive resolution is mainly because it's sort of a tautology, so doesn't reveal anything new & fundamental about gravity or quantum mechanics. Even many important questions about black holes that we'd like to have answers to aren't addressed by that at all. Like, how can we find out more about how a black hole forms? What happens to stuff if it reaches the singularity? At the end of the black hole's life, it has totally radiated itself away & gone POOF!, where did the information go? What's its wavefunction now? I mean, including all the Hawking photons. So-called BH complementarity breaks down, can't remotely explain what happened.
Thanks for asking (how's it going)... Terrible! I've done some research in the past for NSF and NASA related to using computer science and AI for climate change research so I'm subscribed to a bunch of mailing lists for federal research. Ever since we handed the inmates the keys to the asylum I've received message after message about this or that program are cancelled or on hold. But far worse than any impact it has on me what is coming in terms of the economy, mass deportations, climate obstruction, and the hope for real democracy in the USA, it makes me depressed. But I think worst of all is what the election says about how this nation is still so much more racist, sexist, and filled with greedy short sighted idiots than even a cynic like me thought. So sorry about your job. For what it's worth, I think you will be fine even if you lose your current job. I know easy for me to say. But you are both extremely intelligent and know how to communicate and that's a rare combination. I voted for the Black Hole thing because I wanted to test my (very limited) current understanding about what the "Information Paradox" is and correct/expand on it. I think that my understanding was more or less correct. It is one of those paradoxes (there are several of these in advanced logic as well) that aren't really a paradox. As I understand it, the reason it is a paradox is if information is really "lost" that means entropy decreases. But just because information is inaccessible to us isn't the same as saying the information is "lost" in a way that conflicts with the law of Thermodynamics that entropy only increases.
No, it's a paradox because at the quantum level, we are talking about physical microstates ("quantum quantum quantum") not subjective macrostates, when we say "quantum entropy". One way to look at this rule of quantum mechanics is to define the initial entropy of the universe (cosmic wavefunction) as equal to 0. And then by unitary evolution, which includes a term called "entanglement entropy", the total entropy of the entire universe will be identically 0 forever. Versus, even if we include all the Hawking photons that have escaped, the total entropy of the BH + radiation system decreases because the photons are emitted "at random" which is equivalent to having no history, ie, do not contribute to the overall quantum state. A partial resolution of the paradox comes from postulating that "scrambled" could be not quite the same thing as "random". But conventional quantum theory doesn't treat an emitted photon as having a history. String theory might be a possible out. Maybe. Edit: P.S. In the usual story of where Hawking photons come from, pair production in the vacuum, a photon by its lonesome poofed into existence out of the vacuum from nothing has no prior history. We might claim something changes in the vacuum as a result, but that would be a strange new take on quantum theory, very much unconventional. Hidden properties of the photon itself would also be against the mainstream belief system of quantum mechanics.
I own Black Hole War (hardcover courtesy of the thrift store I think) and I read it something like ten years ago and have retained not a thing. Thanks for saving me from a reread, lol. Excited to hear about disaster movies! And solidarity about all the.. y’know. It sucks.
That kind of thinking is never the right reason not to reread a book.
I'm sorry for the everything atm. I hope you all in the US get through this insanity with the least harm possible. Great to see you coming to Nebula and I'm certainly staying here on Patreon in any case.
I'm just at the beginning but I'm really excited that you're joining Nebula.
what's your Nebula URL?
It is terrible out here, but thanks for keeping going on. Maybe if we still together we can make it out of this shit
Quarks are made out of sparks, thereby unifying the fundamental forces into one electronuclear force (gravity is emergent)
I love how bored you are
Sorry for this mad situation. Hope it works out for you and everyone. Glad you've joined Nebula. I was wondering why you hadn't, and whether they might actually not be a good deal for the creators. Now I'll definitely keep the subscription.
Sending empathy as someone else working in the federal space. This hostile takeover of the federal workforce is going to push out many of my teammates who are extremely hardworking and dedicated civil servants and it's heartbreaking to watch. Thank you for continuing to make excellent videos. Independent creators are going to be so important to combat the systematic censorship of our public institutions. Hang in there and be kind to yourselves.
Do you plan on uploading any videos that are truly exclusive to Nebular or will it just be regular + patreon videos?
im listening to Heroes orchestra while playing manor lords https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGWvrHEWq4Y...its a nice relaxing experience
Glad you're on Nebula now, I really like watching videos there just because they never have ads. I don't think your channel is visible there yet, though, please post a link to Patreon when it's up!
I like it because it doesn't cause my browser to crash (Firefox on Linux issues—GMeet causes my work laptop to overheat worse than if I'm running a numerical simulation).
This is precisely the time to find deeper courage & ask bigger questions about the system you grew up in & the gaping flaws in its mythologies. Move beyond the expectations you inherited that have now evaporated & discover what you yourself should truly believe in. There is a better world to be made, by those of us with true courage, beyond the ideological chaos & false alliances forced on us in the course in the last quarter-century. This moment holds more promise than is obvious.
Such promise of opportunity is indistinguishable from risk. If the expected value of the best advice what to do is simply to hope for the best, that's self-evident & not worth the breath to express.
"Black Hole Wars" is at least as bad as you thought it might be - probably worse.
You are entitled to your opinions. And like proper time is invariant, you're always correct. In a partial defense, I think the titles & cover work were influenced by bad advice. Of course, that is my own opinion.
It's going bad, Angela. It's going bad. But it's a bit better when there's a new video to watch!
Meteorology dropout here. I wanna know more about the weather modeling. Please someday talk about weather modeling.
I really hope the situation in the US "stabilizes" a bit. Glad you joined Nebula. I can't find you there, though. Nieither "acollier", nor "angela", "collier" or "angela collier" or "astro" yield any channel results with your channel. I might hang out for your next live stream and I might be able to help with debugging the technical end of your stream (after all, it is partly what I do for a living). I saw it posted on bsky, but really did not have the time to join. EU can be tricky for things like that. /edit: Funny story about Schwarzschild radius. When I learned about it in high school. Because it is black-shield in German, for the longest time I thought they named it because it like that because that's where the black hole turns black. But of course it was they named it after a guy, and also it's not the radius where the black hole turns black (photon sphere and also rotating black holes and a ton of other things in your video of course). If you need help pronouncing ancient German family names so much in physics (and chemistry) is named after, just ask :D
congrats on nebula! i subscribe to it but mostly still watch everything on youtube lol. things are so bleak right now! anything you can do to get through the day is morally permissible in these times. Hope you're all still hanging in there. i'm a trans woman and it looks like i might have to start the process of getting divorced, so there's a lot of bad energy around me at the moment. i'm grateful for my support network. i recommend checking in on your trans friends, boost some gofundmes, anything more than telling us that we're valid. i liked the topic of the video and felt that i was understanding it well at the points it was asked about (eg ~the 17th minute i think?). i really liked the rant about print on demand books because they are garbage quality!!!!! i hadn't even thought about returning them, but i have hoarding tendencies towards books i think. but it's so hard to know if i book is going to be print on demand when you're buying it! outside of buying hardcovers and academic presses it feels like a big gamble buying books online these days. grateful for this video in the current moment!!!
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Mixing up the nineteenth century and the nineteen hundreds is an extremely relatable moment. Can we just start naming the centuries by the first two digits?
but then what do we call the first century?
Thank you for this! It's the best explanation (at a non-math level of course) that I've ever heard. Please keep explaining things this way. I love all the caveats and admissions that we don't know the full answers to things. It's refreshingly honest.
Nebula👍 Livestream👍
This was really interesting for me! Sorry you're feeling stressed - I would be if I was a US citizen right now. Let us hope that in the fullness of time the data centres now being built will be put to better use :)
Alright, so here's my take: I watched the whole video, and from my “idiot” perspective, the idea that black holes can’t destroy information seems tied to a physicists’ belief that information must be preserved? For instance, if you compare matter and antimatter black holes as you said, you should, in theory, be able to tell them apart; otherwise, it seems like the universe is deleting information—which apparently isn’t allowed? But honestly, I think information gets deleted all the time. When I'm editing videos, I often lose color or sound details by compressing files or saving in the wrong format. In the grand scheme, entropy is always working, gradually erasing everything until, at some unimaginably distant time, everything might just collapse into a uniform state where all data is lost? No? So why shouldn’t black holes destroy information? Maybe they're just nature/entropy's way of converting a high-quality .tiff into a compressed .jpg—a really efficient method of deleting data. Theyre just speeding up entropy. esp if hawking radiation exists. I know I’m probably missing a lot, and if Angela reads this, she might say "this idiot doesnt get it all" (true) but that’s my uneducated take. Susskind clearly outclasses me in physics and math(the most physics Ive done was orbital mechanics in engineering, which I did very well in and got 100% on the exam - but thats childs play to physcists) yet his ideas and presentation still give me some Kaku vibes. like medical doctors who receive so much education they start to mistake their own intution for their own education and start saying nonsense like inject ivermectin or whatever. edit: okay heres a better summary of what I think. I think of the heat death of the universe as ultimately being the information death of the universe, if there's information that is tangible between points that is a state that entropy can erode, no? if no heat, no way to "discern" information or action to occur between different states. so... information death. therefore information must be destroyable, ergo blackholes can destroy information. if information cannot be destroyed, heat death cannot be real? no? Im probably completely and utterly wrong ---- looking forward to disaster movie video. deep impact and armageddon scarred me as a child. I was scared of the night sky because I was always afraid a comet was going to come and kill everyone. it was totally irrational. all my worst nightmares have been asteroids killing everyone. also aliens. I've never been afraid of ghosts or monsters, just aliens and comets lol. I actually got to work on the Canadian NEOSSAT and then operate it at the Canadian space agency, I was so thrilled for a mission that was about detecting near earth objects. the idea was spear headed by Alan Hildebrand - the guy who definitively proved an asteroid killed the dinosaurs. meant to find asteroids (like 2024 YR4) but neossat was a total disaster, (rush job, poor management) the camera doesnt work that well, and asteroids have a very high magnitude. so neossat cant see neos (rofl) now neossat just looks at exoplanets and other spacecraft. Alan called it a failure, it basically is. but america is working on a new one called NEO Surveyor. also Ive been listening to lectures about the maya, and it seems like the idea that they thought 2012 was some end of the world date is a total misunderstanding. the lecturer I was listening to, ed barnhart, says it was obvious that was never the case and, Im not gonna repeat the math, 2012 was not ever the real end of that long count? --- anyway loved the video. cool youre on nebula. I joined nebula for lindsay ellis years ago, but I always forget Im paying for it lol. cheers. sorry I wrote so much.
oh yeah also I would love to see you and jenny nicholson do a collab on star trek or twilight zone. I dont know if youve talked, I assume you have. but you should shoot her a message. everyone agrees. I spoke to everyone and they said "yes that should happen"
Brighter days ahead but we are all in danger of losing our jobs. Either they'll try to cancel your funding or they'll * the whole economy. Just have to be ready to roll with the punches while fighting an uphill battle
It took something as horrible as the Great Depression to put us on a progressive path. This latest insanity is at least as bad as that. I'm hanging my hopes on that thought and whistling past the graveyard. Thank you for your awesomeness.
What's your Nebula URL?
https://go.nebula.tv/angelacollier
it makes sense but teach us tensor math anyway
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needed this tonight ❤️